脊柱外科杂志  2012, Vol.10 Issue(6): 344-347   PDF    
人工颈椎椎间盘置换与颈前路减压融合术治疗脊髓型颈椎病的疗效分析
杨兴, 薛峰 , 盛晓文, 彭育沁, 陈兵乾    
215500 江苏, 常熟市第一人民医院骨科
摘要目的 比较人工颈椎椎间盘置换术与颈前路椎间盘切除减压植骨融合术(anterior cervical discectomy and fusion,ACDF)治疗脊髓型颈椎病的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析本院收治的人工颈椎椎间盘置换术及ACDF治疗的脊髓型颈椎病病例。测量所有患者颈椎活动度(range of motion,ROM),置换节段及相邻节段的ROM,并行日本骨科学会(Japanese Orthopaedic Association,JOA)评分及Odom分级。结果 所有患者术后JOA评分和Odom功能评定均得到显著改善。置换组术后颈椎ROM、置换节段及其邻近间隙平均ROM无明显改变,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。ACDF组患者中,术后颈椎ROM显著减小,邻近间隙ROM明显增大,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。置换组术后邻近节段的ROM明显小于ACDF组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论 人工颈椎椎间盘置换术能保持颈椎ROM,避免邻近节段退变,早、中期疗效满意,远期效果尚有待临床进一步研究。
关键词颈椎     椎间盘     人工关节     减压术, 外科     脊柱融合术    
Comparison of artifical cervical disc replacement versus anterior discectomy and fusion for the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy
YANG Xing, XUE Feng , SHENG Xiao-wen, PENG Yu-qin, CHEN Bing-qian    
Department of Orthopaedics, Changshu First People's Hospital, Changshu 215500, Jiangsu, China
Abstract: Objective To compare the clinical outcome of artifical cervical disc replacement versus anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) in the treatment of cervical spondylotlc myelopathy.Methods A total of 50 cases of cervical spondylotlc myelopathy treated by artifical cervical disc replacement (n=20) or ACDF (n=30) were involved. Among these cases, the range of motion (ROM) of the cervical vertebra, the implanted level and the adjacent segment were measured. The Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score and Odom's grade were record and analyzed.Results All of these patients were followed-up, and JOA score and Odom's grade of all patients were significantly improved. The ROM of the cervical vertebrae, the implanted levels and the adjacent segments were preserved in artifical cervical disc replacement group(P>0.05).In the ACDF group, the ROM of the cervical vertebrae decreased, but the adjacent segments of the fusion segment compensatory increased remarkably(P<0.05). Bewteen 2 groups, the ROM of the implanted levels and the adjacent segments were not obvious different (P>0.05);but the ROM of the adjacent segments in artifical cervical disc replacement group were less than the ACDF group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).Conclusion The artifical cervical disc replacement can avoid the degeneration of adjacent segments and its early and midterm outcomes for the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy are satisfactory, but the long-term effects still need studed.
Key words: Cervical vertebrae     Intervertebral disk     Joint prosthesis     Decompression, surgical     Spinal fusion    

目前,颈前路椎间盘切除减压植骨融合术(anterior cervical discectomy and fusion,ACDF)是治疗颈椎病最常见的手术方法,在解除症状和改善神经功能方面具有良好的疗效,但随着ACDF的开展,众多学者发现ACDF可产生多种并发症,如植骨块塌陷、脱落,假关节形成,椎间高度丢失,邻近节段应力增加导致的退变,供骨区疼痛等[ 1 ]。自Goffin首次报道采用人工颈椎椎间盘置换术治疗颈椎病以来,国内外有多家报道其不仅可以彻底减压、保留颈椎运动功能,而且避免了邻近节段的退变 [ 2, 3 ] 。本文通过对本院脊髓型颈椎病患者行人工颈椎椎间盘置换与ACDF治疗的随访,评价其疗效差异。

1 资料与方法 1.1 一般资料

2009年1月~ 2010年12月本院收治的脊髓型颈椎病患者共50例,其中男20例,女30例;年龄为24~59岁,平均42岁。术前检查包括颈椎正侧位及动力位X线片、颈椎MRI及CT。单节段病变43例,双节段7例。20例行人工颈椎椎间盘置换 (置换组) ,单节段17例,双节段3例;30例行ACDF (ACDF组) ,单节段融合26例,双节段融合4例。

测量术前、术后颈椎过伸与过屈位X线片上C2、C7椎体后缘连线夹角之和,以此评价颈椎活动度(range of motion,ROM);测量置换节段及相邻节段的ROM。日本骨科学会(Japanese Orthopaedic Association,JOA) 17分评分法[ 4 ]评定脊髓功能。按Odom 分级[ 5 ]进行临床功能评价,共分4级: 优,术前颈椎病症状全部缓解,可进行日常活动; 良,仍残留很少的不适症状,但没有明显地影响工作; 可,部分术前症状有改善,但日常活动显著受到限制; 差,症状无改善或临床状况恶化。满意率=(优、良、可的例数/随访例数)×100%。

1.2 统计学分析

应用SPSS 15.0统计软件,对手术前后置换组和ACDF组颈椎ROM、置换节段及相邻节段的ROM进行统计学分析,采用t检验,P=0.05为检验水平。

2 结 果

所有患者均获得完整随访,随访时间6~20 个月,平均16个月。所有患者术中、术后未发生血管神经损伤等并发症。置换组病例中,术后复查颈椎过伸过屈位X线片示颈椎ROM置换节段及其邻近间隙平均ROM无明显改变,术后脊髓功能明显改善,JOA评分由9.6±3.5 升至16.1± 3.2(P<0.05)。术后Odom 功能评定: 优16例,良3例,可1例,满意率100%。ACDF组,术后复查颈椎过伸过屈位X线片示颈椎ROM显著减小,融合节段邻近间隙的ROM明显代偿性增大,术后脊髓功能显著改善,JOA评分由9.5±5.1 升至16.3± 4.2(P<0.05),术后Odom功能评定: 优20例,良5例,可5 例,满意率100%。ROM结果见表 12。置换组与ACDF组之间比较显示:术前置换节段及邻近节段的ROM无显著性差异,而术后随访置换组邻近节段的ROM则显著小于ACDF组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。置换节段ROM术前(11.5°±4.7°)与术后(11.3°±6.4°)的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。典型病例影像学资料见图 1

表 1 2组手术前后颈椎ROM Tab. 1 Pre-and postoperative ROM of 2 Groups  (°)

表 2 2组邻近节段的ROM Tab. 2 ROM of adjacent segments of 2 groups  (°)

a~d: 术前X线片示颈椎轻度退变 e,f: 术前MRI显示C5/C6椎间盘突出,脊髓受压严重 g,h: 术后X线片示人工颈椎椎间盘位置良好
a-d: Preoperative X-ray films show mild degeneration of cervical vertebrae e,f: Preoperative MRI show protrusion of C5/C6 intervertebral disc with severe compression of spinal cord g,h: Postoperative X-ray films show good location of artifical cervical disc
图 1 典型病例影像学资料Fig. 1 Radiologic data of a typical patient

3 讨 论

颈前路减压融合术通过颈前路途径直接解除脊髓前方压迫,同时通过融合稳定颈椎,不仅可以提供即刻稳定,还可消除后方结构再退变的问题,是目前治疗颈椎病的常用方法。文献[ 6, 7 ]表明颈椎间隙融合后,将部分丧失颈椎的ROM,同时改变颈椎的负重力线,导致邻近节段应力集中,进而加速邻近节段椎间盘的退变。Ha等[ 6 ]通过建立三维有限元模型表明颈前路减压融合术使该颈椎ROM明显丧失。

本组ACDF患者术后颈部ROM由术前48.6°±6.1°降至36.6°±3.5°,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。由于置入内固定物的刚度较大,使颈椎的 吸震能力减弱,同时由于相邻椎间盘和关节突关节的代偿活动增加而出现应力集中,进而导致邻近节段退变加速。Lopez-Espina等[ 8 ]通过有限元模型研究表明融合后邻近节段的椎间盘纤维环、髓核及终板的应力增加> 96% ,并认为这种应力的增加将会导致椎间盘的退变及骨赘的形成。而Hosono 等[ 9 ]研究认为邻近节段退变是导致融合后颈部轴性痛原因之一。Hilibrand等[ 1 ]研究发现:颈前路减压融合后的患者中每年有2.9%~3.0%的患者由于邻近节段的问题而需要处理,其中2/3的患者可能需要再次进行手术治疗。本研究中,ACDF组术后邻近节段的屈伸ROM较术前明显增大,说明存在邻近节段的负荷及纤维环应力增加,导致颈椎椎间盘的退变加速,虽然短期内未发现邻近节段退变表现,但仍有待长期随访。

如何避免融合手术所导致的并发症,保持颈椎手术节段的生理曲度和ROM一直是人们探索的课题。与ACDF 相比,人工颈椎椎间盘置换术的最大优势在于在获得狭窄间隙的有效减压同时重建节段的运动功能,使整个颈椎运动力学特征最大程度地接近术前生理状态,减少传统融合术后由于融合节段运动功能丧失所造成的相邻节段的过度运动和应力集中,从而避免相邻节段退变的发生和发展。DiAngelo等[ 7 ]对颈椎功能段的生物力学测试结果显示,颈人工椎间盘置换术保留了置换节段的大部分关节ROM,而且没有增加邻近节段的应力负荷。Wigfield等[ 10 ]在尸体颈椎标本上对模拟椎间盘置换和传统融合术后相邻节段椎间盘内应力分布情况进行了比较,结果显示采用椎间盘置换者纤维环所受压力较融合者明显减小。Sekhon等[ 2 ]随访研究也证实,人工颈椎椎间盘置换术在保持颈椎ROM方面显示出明显优势。本研究随访结果证实,与ACDF,人工颈椎椎间盘患者的JOA 评分、Odom 分级获得了均获得满意改善,而整个颈椎及邻近节段ROM得到有效保持,而ACDF在丧失部分颈椎ROM的同时,融合邻近节段的ROM显著增加,大大加速了邻近节段退变的可能。Sasso 等[ 11 ]随访研究报道人工颈椎椎间盘置换组的NDI、VAS、SF- 36生活质量评分等都明显的高于ACDF组( P<0.05),并且人工颈椎椎间盘置换组颈椎的ROM获得了稳定维持,而ACDF组颈椎的运动范围明显降低。Goffin等 [ 12 ]报道的22例双节段人工椎间盘置换,临床优良率(NDI和TIGT评分)达80%~90%。Sekhon[ 13 ]还报道了使用人工颈椎椎间盘置换治疗颈椎融合术后产生的邻近节段退变,取得了较理想的治疗效果。

虽然人工颈椎椎间盘置换术获得了满意的手术效果,但尚存在一些潜在的问题:由于动态因素的存在而可能导致症状缓解不力,同时由于保留了病变节段的ROM,增生性骨赘可以再发,可能导致相同节段出现迟发性症状复发; 而且颈椎椎间盘假体置换仅提供脊柱前方结构的替代支撑,而对于多数颈椎病来说,前方椎间盘病变往往合并后方结构的退变与不稳,因此人工颈椎椎间盘置换手术适应证应严格控制,同时异位骨化、假体塌陷、脱位等并发症也时有报道[ 14, 15, 16 ]

总之,人工颈椎椎间盘置换术与颈前路减压融合术治疗脊髓型颈椎病早、中期疗效满意,同时人工颈椎椎间盘置换可以保持整个颈椎及邻近节段ROM,避免邻近节段退变,短期疗效显著,远期效果尚有待临床进一步研究。

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