脊柱外科杂志  2014, Vol. 12 Issue (2): 65-69   PDF    
两种联合手术治疗连续三节段颈椎病的疗效及术后吞咽困难并发症的比较分析
阚利胜, 康健, 刘永, 陈雄生, 贾连顺    
200003 上海, 第二军医大学附属长征医院骨科
摘要目的 比较分析2种联合手术(hybrid surgery,HS)治疗连续3节段颈椎病的疗效及早期并发症。方法 回顾性分析2012年6月~2013年5月,因连续3个节段颈椎病行HS治疗的117例患者的临床资料。按手术方法分为短板(short plate,SP)组和长板(long plate,LP)组。比较分析2组日本骨科学会(Japanese Orthopaedic Association,JOA)评分及改善率、颈椎曲度、并发症等情况及一般资料。对比术前、术后1个月、术后3个月及末次随访时吞咽功能障碍简明量表(dysphagia short questionnaire,DSQ)评分,评估术后吞咽困难发生情况。结果 2组术后JOA评分均显著升高(P= 0.00),颈椎曲度明显改善(P= 0.00),并发症发生率未见明显差异(P>0.05)。SP组在术后1个月、3个月时DSQ评分均显著低于LP组(P=0.01,P=0.00)。结论 2种HS治疗连续3节段颈椎病均可取得良好的近期疗效,并能较好的维持颈椎曲度;使用短颈椎前路钢板可能会降低术后吞咽困难的发生率。
关键词颈椎     手术后并发症     外科手术    
Clinical results and comparison of postoperative dysphagia of two hybrid reconstructive techniques in contiguous 3-level cervical spondylosis
KAN Li-sheng, KANG Jian, LIU Yong, CHEN Xiong-sheng, JIA Lian-shun    
Department of Orthopaedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
Abstract: Objective To compare the clinical outcomes and early complications of 2 different hybrid surgeries(HS) in contiguous 3-level spondylosis. Methods A total of 117 consecutive patients with contiguous 3-level cervical spondylosis treated by 2 HS were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were divided into 2 groups: short plate (SP) group and long plate (LP) group. The Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score, JOA score improvement rate, cervical curvature and the incidence of complications were compared during the follow-up. The postoperative dysphagia was also analyzed using a dysphagia short questionnaire (DSQ). Results In both of the 2 groups, the JOA scores and the cervical curvature significantly improved after operations (P=0.00), and no significant difference was found in terms of the incidence of complications (P>0.05). The scores of DSQ in the SP group were significantly lower than that in the LP group (P=0.01, P=0.00).Conclusion Both of the 2 HS have favorable clinical results in the treatment of contiguous 3-level cervical spondylosis. Moreover, the hybrid reconstructive technique using a short plate may have the ability of decreasing the likelihood of postoperative dysphagia in appropriate patients.
Key words: Cervical vertebrae     Postoperative complications     Surgical procedures, operative    

颈椎前路椎间盘切除减压植骨融合内固定术(anterior cervical discectomy and fusion,ACDF)及椎体次全切除减压植骨融合内固定术(anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion,ACCF)为颈椎病治疗中常用的手术方式。但是,在多节段颈椎病的治疗中,单独应用ACDF或ACCF有减压不彻底、植骨块脱出、不融合等诸多风险[ 1,2,3,4 ],尚存在很多争议。有学者认为HS(ACDF+ACCF)可以显著降低以上风险[ 3, 5, 6, 7 ],但是,诸如术后吞咽困难[ 8,9 ]等颈椎前路术后并发症仍不能被忽视。本研究回顾性分析了2012年6月~2013年5月因连续3个椎间盘节段颈椎病行HS治疗患者的临床资料,评价2种HS的疗效及早期并发症。 1 资料与方法 1.1 纳入及排除标准

纳入标准:①明确诊断为颈椎病;②主要病理改变在连续3个椎间盘水平;③正规非手术治疗6个月以上无效。患者有连续3个节段椎间隙严重狭窄(<邻近正常椎间隙高度的1/2)、颈椎外伤、明显的骨质疏松、颈椎不稳、先天畸形、颈椎手术史、颈椎肿瘤、感染性疾病等均排除在本研究之外。 1.2 手术方法

患者取仰卧位,全身麻醉。取颈前右侧横切口,具体显露、椎间盘切除、椎体次全切除参考文献所述方法[ 10,11,12 ]。减压过程包括:切除退变的椎间盘纤维环、突出的髓核组织、椎体后缘骨赘及后纵韧带。仔细刮除椎间隙上、下缘终板软骨后,Caspar撑开器撑开,置入椎间融合器或钛网。当椎体后缘骨赘或突出的椎间盘髓核组织巨大,或者椎间隙严重狭窄时,行椎体次全切除术,在剩余的1个椎间盘水平行椎间盘切除术。

按手术类型,将患者分为2组:短板(short plate,SP)组及长板(long plate,LP)组。在SP组,行ACCF后取1块短颈椎前路钢板(Slim-loc Anterior Cervical Plate System,Depuy AcroMed,Inc.,Raynham,MA,USA)固定,钢板仅跨越钛网,固定于相邻上、下位椎体上(见图 1a),然后在剩余的1个水平行椎间盘切除术,置入颈椎椎间融合器;在LP组,行ACCF及ACDF后取1块长颈椎前路钢板(同上)固定,钢板跨越钛网及椎间融合器,固定于相邻上、下位椎体上(见图 1b)。椎间融合器(Depuy Spine,Raynham,MA,USA)及钛网(Depuy AcroMed,Inc.)均填塞自体碎骨粒。

a: SP组,ACDF+ACCF,钢板跨越钛网,固定于相邻上、下位椎体(C4、C6)上
b:LP组,ACDF+ACCF,钢板跨越钛网及椎间融合器,固定于相邻上、下位椎体(C4、C5及C7)上
a: SP group,ACDF+ACCF,plate only spanned area of corpectomy without interbody cage b: LP group,ACDF+ACCF,plate spanned area of corpectomy with interbody cage
图 1 2组患者术后X线片Fig. 1 Postoperative X-ray films of patients in 2 groups
1.3 资料采集及结果评价

临床疗效采用日本骨科学会(Japanese Orthopaedic Association,JOA)评分[ 13 ]及JOA评分改善率[ 14 ]评价,JOA评分改善率 。采用颈椎曲度、植骨融合率评价影像学改变。患者术前行颈椎正侧位X线片、CT及MRI检查,术后第2日、3个月、6个月及12个月行颈椎正侧位X线片检查。颈椎曲度以Cobb法测量,即在侧位X线片上测量C2上终板连线与C7下终板连线的夹角。颈椎前凸记录为正值,后凸记录为负值。测量重复3次,取其平均值。植骨骨性融合按以下标准判定:①屈伸位X线片上棘突间无明显相对移动;②植骨与终板之间不存在透亮带;③植骨与终板表面有骨桥形成[ 15 ]。术后吞咽困难采用Skeppholm等[ 8 ]提出的DSQ问卷(dysphagia short questionnaire)评价。另外,还观察了手术时间、术中出血量及围手术期其他并发症。 1.4 统计分析

应用SPSS 17.0(SPSS Inc.,Chicago,Illinois,USA)进行统计分析。计量资料如年龄、JOA评分、JOA评分改善率、颈椎曲度、手术时间、术中出血量、DSQ评分及随访时间以 ±s表示,用t检验比较;分类变量用χ2检验。P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。 2 结 果 2.1 一般资料

本研究共纳入117例患者(男70例,女47例),手术时平均年龄54.18岁(32~78岁)。SP组58例,LP组59例;手术节段在C3/C4/C5/C6者56例,在C4/C5/C6/C7者61例。中位随访时间12个月(6~18个月)。比较2组年龄、性别比、手术节段、术前颈椎曲度、术前JOA评分、术前DSQ问卷评分及随访时间等一般资料,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性(见表 1)。

表 1 患者一般资料 Tab. 1 General information of patients
2.2 临床疗效

在末次随访时,SP组与LP组平均JOA评分分别由10.31±1.91增加至14.74±1.25(P<0.01)、由10.46±1.51增加至14.58±1.00(P<0.01);平均JOA评分增加分别为4.43±1.39和4.12±1.16;平均JOA评分改善率分别为67%和64%。组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。JOA评分无改善者有2例(SP组与LP组各1例)。 2.3 并发症

SP组共有3例(5.17%)出现手术并发症,包括:1例硬膜外血肿、1例脑脊液漏、1例钛网下沉及内置物移位(见图 2)。LP组共有4例(6.78%)出现并发症,包括:硬膜外血肿(2例)、脑脊液漏(1例)及手术部位感染(1例)。Fisher精确检验提示,2组并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。所有并发症均获治愈,未见其他相关症状。

a: 术后2 d侧位X线片示内置物位置良好 b: 术后3个月随访时钛网下沉、移位
a:Postoperative 2 d lateral X-ray film shows instrument in good position b:Postoperative 3 months X-ray film shows subsidence and displacement of the titanium mesh cage
图 2 钛网下沉患者影像学资料Fig. 2 Comparison of DSQ scores in 2 groups

SP组与LP组术前及随访DSQ问卷评分见表 2。2组在术后1个月时评分最高,与术前相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),SP组评分低于LP组(P<0.05);之后,2组评分有下降趋势,在术后3个月时2组评分均高于术前(P<0.01),SP组评分仍低于LP组(P<0.01);在末次随访时,2组评分与术前相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),均降至基线水平。

表 2 2组患者DSQ评分比较 Tab. 2 Comparison of DSQ scores in 2 groups
2.4 影像学评价

SP组与LP组患者术后颈椎曲度(16.85°±8.45°、19.47°±8.05°)较术前(9.12°±8.78°、10.54°±8.87°)均明显升高(P<0.01),增加值分别为7.72°±5.34°、8.98°±5.80°,组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。末次随访时骨性融合率分别为96.55%、96.61%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 3 讨 论

颈椎前路手术因可直接减压、能恢复颈椎生理曲度及椎间隙高度、远期疗效优良,得到多数学者的推崇[ 5, 6, 7, 11, 15, 16 ]。但是,对于多节段颈椎病手术方式的选择,目前仍有争议。近年来,许多学者认为HS可以减少单独使用ACDF或ACCF而造成的弊端[ 2,3,4 ]。但是,颈椎前路手术并发症如术后吞咽困难仍然是不能被忽视的问题[ 8,9 ]

HS由Singh等[ 2 ]首先报道,他们研究发现,ACDF结合ACCF,较之连续2个水平的椎体切除术可以提供更好的节段稳定性,并能重建颈椎序列。在一个随访2年的研究中,Ashkenazi等[ 17 ]发现,HS术后的骨性融合率为96% (24/25),并且未见内置物相关的并发症。其他关于HS的研究[ 16,18 ]也均获得了理想的临床疗效。

SP组中所用到的HS方法首先被Wei-bing等[ 3 ]报道,虽然他们也得到满意的临床结果,但是纳入的样本量相对偏少(20例)。本临床研究纳入了117例连续3个节段的颈椎病患者,平均随访12个月,大多数患者的临床症状在术后明显改善;2组在JOA评分改善率、颈椎曲度改善等方面的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);硬膜外血肿、脑脊液漏、钛网下沉/内置物移位及手术部位感染等并发症的发生率也未见明显差异(P>0.05);说明这2种HS方式对连续3个节段的颈椎病安全、有效。

术后吞咽困难是颈前路手术后的常见并发症,但其发生机制尚未完全明了。目前认为,术中过分牵拉、内置物体积较大、疤痕形成等[ 19,20,21,22 ],可能是其高危因素。文献[ 9 ]所报道的颈椎前路术后吞咽困难的发生率,低者可至1%,高者可达79%。Skeppholm等[ 8 ]认为,发生率之所以有如此大的变化,是因为吞咽困难本身难以判定,并且其发生也随时间变化而改变;更为重要的是,目前常用的吞咽困难判定标准(如Anderson Dysphagia Inventory[ 23 ]、SWAL-QOL[ 24 ]、Bazaz评分[ 25 ])针对性不强,而且缺乏良好的有效性;因此,他们提出了专门针对颈椎前路手术的DSQ问卷评分。本研究结果显示,SP组在术后1个月、3个月时DSQ问卷评分均显著低于LP组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。其可能的原因为,SP组所用的颈椎前路钢板较LP组短,故术中对软组织牵拉、术后疤痕的形成等均要少于LP组。另外,短钢板本身对周围软组织的刺激也可能小于长钢板。这与文献报道[ 26,27 ]相符。

本研究发现,术后两组颈椎曲度较术前均明显改善(P<0.01),末次随访时骨性融合率分别为96.55%、96.61%,颈椎曲度维持良好,内置物位置满意。本组中有1例在术后3个月时出现钛网下沉、钢板移位,但无相关症状,在术后10个月随访时手术节段已达骨性融合。此类并发症可能的原因有:①钛网过浅,局部与椎体接触面积小,造成应力集中,致使钛网下端突破终板进入松质骨内;②终板完整性遭到破坏,强度及承载力降低;③钛网一端修剪过于锐利,局部剪力增大。文献[ 28 ]报道钛网下沉后对颈椎曲度及临床疗效的影响无统计学意义,本组结果与此相符。 2种HS治疗连续3节段颈椎病均可取得良好的近期疗效,并能较好的维持颈椎曲度;使用短颈椎前路钢板可能会降低术后吞咽困难的发生率。但是,HS的远期疗效仍需要进一步观察。在将来,大样本量、前瞻性、长期随访的随机对照研究是十分必要的。

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