脊柱外科杂志  2014, Vol. 12 Issue (6): 348-352   PDF    
一期前路病灶清除联合自体肋骨植骨融合内固定治疗胸椎结核
李沫, 杜俊杰, 罗卓荆 , 王哲     
710032 陕西, 第四军医大学西京医院骨科
摘要目的 分析一期前路病灶清除、自体肋骨椎间植骨融合前路内固定术治疗胸椎结核的临床效果。方法 2003年6月~2008年5月手术治疗胸椎脊柱结核42例,男25例,女17例,均采用一期前路病灶清除、自体肋骨椎间植骨融合前路内固定术。根据术前、术后随访的X线片,分析植骨融合及脊柱后凸畸形矫正效果;采用Frankel分级、红细胞沉降率(erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR)、C反应蛋白(C-reactionprotein, CRP )及视觉模拟量表(visual analog scale, VAS)评分评估临床治疗效果。结果 随访1~7年,平均50.8个月,42例患者均获骨性愈合,愈合时间3~7个月,平均4.5个月,无内固定松动、脱出及断裂;术前Cobb角平均19.8°,术后1周为3.7°,末次随访时为4.6°;Frankel分级,术前B级为3例,C级9例,D级20例,E级10例,末次随访时为D级6例,E级36例;VAS评分术前平均为8.2,术后1周为1.8,末次随访时为1.2。除2例患者术后出现疼痛,持续2个月后自行缓解外,无其他并发症。无复发结核感染出现。结论 一期行前路病灶清除、自体肋骨椎间融合前路内固定术治疗胸椎结核,可有效矫正脊柱后凸畸形,重建脊柱稳定性,获得较好的临床效果。
关键词胸椎     结核,脊柱     骨移植     清创术     脊柱融合术     内固定    
One-stage anterior debridement, autogenous rib grafting and internal fixation for thoracic tuberculosis
LI Mo, DU Jun-jie, LUO Zhuo-jing , WANG Zhe     
Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, China
Abstract: Objective To assess the clinical efficacy of one-stage surgical management for thoracic tuberculosis by anterior radical debridement, decompression and autogenous rib grafts, and instrumentation. Methods In this retrospective study, 42 patients (25 male and 17 female; average age 47.7 years) with thoracic tuberculosis between June 2003 an May 2008 were evaluated, who underwent one-stage anterior radical debridement, decompression and autogenous rib grafts, and instrumentation. Kyphotic angle was measured to assess the severity of the thoracic tuberculosis. Neurologic outcome was evaluated using Frankel grade, infection activity using erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) value and C-reactive protein (CRP) value, and pain using visual analog scale (VAS) score. Results The average follow-up period was 50.8 months (range, 24-85 months). A solid fusion was achieved in all cases. Of all 42 patients with preoperative kyphosis, the deformity was corrected from an average of 19.8° on admission to an average of 3.7° after surgery, and to an average of 4.6° at the final follow-up. No significant loss of deformity correction was noted in these patients. Three patients who had a spinal cord injury with only sensation present (Grade B) before surgery had improvement by 2 or 3 levels to Grade D or E at the final follow-up. Of the 9 patients with progressive neurologic deficits (Grade C) before surgery, 6 had complete recovery to Grade E and 3 had improvement by 1 level to Grade D. All 20 patients who had a Grade D recovered completely to normal (Grade E). The average VAS 2 score was 8.2 before operation, and decreased to 1.8. At the final follow-up, the average VAS score was 1.2. Only 2 patients had persistent pain for 2 months after surgery, and none of them needed analgesic drugs at the final follow-up. There was no other recurrence of the tuberculous infection. Conclusion The one-stage anterior autogenous rib grafts with rumentation is safe and effective method in the surgical management of thoracic tuberculosis.
Key words: Thoracic vertebrae     Tuberculosis, spinal     Bone transplantation     Debridement     Spinal fusion     Internal fixators    

结核病仍然是世界上传染病致死的主要原因,目前在全世界范围内已引起更为广泛的关注[1]。脊柱结核是最常见的肺外结核,特别是在发展中国家,其中胸椎结核在脊柱结核中占有很大比例[2]。过去几十年中,抗结核化疗药物的发展是结核病治疗中的重要成就,大部分的脊柱结核患者可通过化疗药物实现有效的治疗[3, 4],然而,耐药性反应或不规律的抗结核化疗可能会导致治疗失败。因为胸椎结核常合并周围脓肿、后凸畸形及胸髓受压,加上结核病本身致病菌易复发等特点,其致残率很高,因此一直是脊柱外科治疗中较棘手的问题。手术的目的是彻底清除病灶及重建脊柱稳定性。目前治疗胸椎结核常采用前路病灶清除植骨融合内固定术[5, 6, 7, 8, 9]。在长节段胸椎结核中,一期前路病灶清除植骨融合内固定术的稳定性较差,而一期或分期前路病灶清除植骨加后路内固定术可有效防止后凸畸形及失稳的发生[10, 11]。然而,前后路联合的缺点是会延长手术及术后住院时间,增加术中出血及术后并发症发生的概率[12, 13]。本研究应用一期前路病灶清除、自体肋骨植骨融合前路内固定术治疗胸椎脊柱结核,探讨其可行性及中远期临床效果。

1 资料与方法 1.1 一般资料

2003年6月~2008年5月,本院骨科治疗胸椎结核患者42例,其中男25例,女17例;年龄19~73岁(平均47.7岁)。9例患者曾接受肺结核治疗,4例有肺结核家族史。糖尿病患者4例,9例患者有吸烟史。术前行X线、CT及MRI检查示不同程度的虫蚀样骨质破坏,椎间隙变窄及高度丢失。其中,32例患者存在2个相邻的椎体病变,10例患者局限于1个椎体(平均1.8个椎体)。椎体前、中柱不同程度破坏,硬膜外脓肿6例,椎旁脓肿32例。通过矢状位X线测量胸椎后凸Cobb角[14],平均后凸角度为19.8 °(范围4 °~47°)。

患者均有不同程度的发热、消瘦、疲劳等结核中毒症状及局部疼痛。患者病程3~24个月(平均10个月)。根据Frankel分级[15]:B级3例,C级9例,D级20例,E级10例。入院时平均红细胞沉降率(erythrocyte sedimentation rate,ESR)为64 mm/h(35~128 mm/h),术前平均ESR为59 mm/h(32~114 mm/h);入院时平均C反应蛋白(C-reactionprotein,CRP)为14.1 mg/dL(6.35~28.7 mg/dL),术前平均CRP为13.2 mg/dL(5.86~25.3 mg/dL)。

1.2 治疗方法 1.2.1 术前准备

所有患者均抗结核治疗>3周,采用口服异烟肼(300 mg/d)、利福平(450 mg/d)和乙胺丁醇(1 200 mg/d)及肌肉注射链霉素(750 mg/d),直至ESR、CRP及体温降至正常或明显下降。术前加强营养,纠正贫血、低蛋白血症并进行呼吸功能锻炼。

1.2.2 术中处理

患者全满气管插管后,单侧(入路对侧)肺通气。右侧卧位或从脓肿病变累及较重侧进入,经胸膜外入路依据暴露需求切断对应节段肋骨,撑开器撑开;用“花生米”作钝性分离,胸膜外游离至椎体前缘,显露患椎及上下各1个椎体,彻底清除椎旁脓肿、结核性肉芽组织、坏死组织及死骨,用纱布填压止血。切除突入椎管的坏死椎体及上下椎间盘组织,彻底椎管减压;通过椎体缺损处将对侧脓肿尽量吸净,生理盐水反复冲洗至冲洗液清亮(必要时可通过橡胶小尿管冲洗对侧)。术中注意保护胸腔器官、大血管及肋间神经血管。在患椎上下相邻椎体间开槽,试行矫正后凸畸形,测量椎体缺损高度,根据Hodgson等[5]的方法,撑开椎间隙后将肋骨块植入,与脊椎纵轴平行且两端卡入患椎上下正常椎体骨槽内。本研究中对传统自体肋骨植骨块进行了改良:因所有患者只局限于前、中柱受累(无后柱受累),选用2块长度稍长于椎体缺损高度的肋骨条,用2颗皮质骨螺钉进行固定塑形,形成坚固的骨板植于缺损处,且肋骨弧度与胸椎生理后凸接近以矫正后凸畸形(见图 1)。所有患者均采用单钉棒系统椎体侧方固定(VentroFix,Synthes公司提供)。检查固定牢固后,反复冲洗切口,术野内加入链霉素1 g,常规放置胸腔闭式引流管。

图 1 手术示意图 Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of operation
1.2.3 术后处理

①术后按开胸手术常规延长使用呼吸机辅助通气3~5 h,帮助排出胸腔内残留气体,利于肺复张;拔管后进行吹气球训练肺功能;②胸腔闭式引流无明显引流液后24 h夹闭,于48 h后复查胸部X线片证实无明显残余气体后拔除;③术后2周经胸椎X线或三维CT确认植骨块及内固定无异常后,可佩戴支具保护下床进行功能锻炼,支具佩戴维持3~6个月;④继续抗结核治疗12~24个月,平均18个月,每隔4周复查血沉及肝肾功能。

1.3 临床疗效观察与随访

所有患者术后常规拍摄胸椎正侧位X线片,以评估植骨块及内固定放置情况。术后随访周期为1个月、3个月、6个月和12个月,以后每年1次。植骨融合成功的标准是临床及影像学证据证实患者没有局部疼痛和压痛、异常活动度、矫正角度丢失及内固定松动,以及肋骨移植块与上下椎骨体间有骨小梁存在,必要时可通过三维CT证实。患者随访时均进行Frankel分级及VAS评估,复查ESR值及CRP值。

1.4 统计学分析

应用配对样本t检验,对术前与术后所有患者胸椎后凸Cobb角、ESR值、CRP值及VAS评分进行对比研究,结果通过SPSS 17.00进行统计学分析。P<0.05认为差异具有统计学意义。

2 结果

平均手术时间为176 min(120~235 min),平均出血量为670 mL(310~1 650 mL)。术中无脊髓、大血管、气管等损伤,术后胸背部疼痛均有所缓解。患者术后卧床17 d(14~25 d),之后可佩戴支具下床活动。22例术后体温第1~3天在38~40℃,第4~7天后逐渐降至正常。术后伤口平均引流5.3 d(3~11 d),平均引流量560 mL(200~1 500 mL),全部伤口甲级愈合,无窦道形成。所有病例术后平均随访时间为50.8个月(24~85个月)。

术后所有患者胸椎后凸畸形均有所改善,胸椎后凸Cobb角由术前平均19.8°(4°~47°)矫正至术后平均3.7°(0°~17°,P<0.05);末次随访时平均4.6 °(0°~19°,P<0.05),无明显角度丢失。术后随访MRI示减压彻底,椎管恢复正常。术后所有患者神经功能均得到较大改善,术前Frankel分级B级3例,恢复至D级2例,E级1例;术前C级9例,恢复至E级6例,D级3例;术前D级20例,全部恢复至E级。术后平均神经功能恢复时间为3.5个月(1~15个月)。入院时平均VAS评分8.5分(8~9分),术前平均VAS评分8.2分7~9分);术后3个月平均VAS评分下降至1.8分(1~3分),与术前相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);末次随访时,平均VAS评分为1.2分(1~2分),与术前相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

术后ESR值逐渐下降,26例患者术后3个月恢复至正常水平,平均ESR值18.9 mm/h(10~38 mm/h),与术前相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);末次随访时,所有患者ESR值降至正常,平均13.8 mm/h(5~19 mm/h),与术前相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后3个月平均CRP降至3.39 mg/dL(0.97~6.15 mg/dL),与术前相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);末次随访时平均CRP值0.89 mg/dL,与术前相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

所有患者术后3个月内可见骨痂生长,平均6.8个月(3~8个月)达到骨性融合,未出现骨不连、假关节、钉棒系统松动断裂及脱出等。2例患者术后出现胸背部疼痛,持续2个月后逐渐消失。典型病例影像学资料见图 2

a,b: 术前X线片示T9椎体骨质破坏 c~e: 经过规律化疗12周CT及MRI示T9椎体结核及椎旁脓肿,压迫脊髓 f,g: 术后6个月X线片示内固定位置良好,牢固可靠 h,i: 术后78个月三维CT示胸椎角度无明显丢失,植骨处达到骨性融合
a,b: Preoperative X-ray films show destruction T9 with cold abscess c~e: Preoperative CT and MRI After 12 weeks adequate chemotherapy show tuberculosis in T9 and abscess mixed with granulation tissue intruded into canal f,g: Postoperative 6 months X-ray films show good position of instrumentation h,i: Postoperative 78 months CT reconstruction show bony fusion and good healing
图 2 典型病例影像学资料 Fig. 2 Radiologic data of a typical patient
3 讨论

对于胸椎结核伴后凸畸形、脊髓受压及椎旁冷脓肿的患者,就诊时常已有1个或多个椎体骨质严重破坏,通过单纯的化疗药物抗结核治疗已难以治愈,容易产生耐药性,进而出现后凸畸形加重,神经压迫症状加重甚至截瘫等晚发神经损害,需要尽早采取手术治疗[16, 17, 18]。手术目的在于:①彻底清除病灶,最大程度上减少体内结核菌素的数量;②充分的椎管减压,为脊髓、神经的恢复创造条件;③重建脊柱稳定性,避免出现后凸畸形、神经症状加重、截瘫等迟发性神经损害。Moon[2]报道,规律化疗联合结核病灶清除、自体骨植骨是治疗脊柱结核的有效方法。但是,如果没有应用内固定,植骨块可能会出现移位、吸收,将很大程度上影响治疗效果。因此,随着脊柱内固定的发展,彻底的病灶清除、自体骨植骨融合内固定术已被证明能有效治疗胸椎结核并预防后凸畸形的发生[18]

局部病灶彻底清除是脊柱结核治疗成功的关键,一期病灶清除,尽可能清除脓肿、死骨、结核性肉芽组织,完全刮除硬化骨,做到彻底刮除患椎骨面直至活跃渗血,改善结核病灶血供,利于抗结核药物发挥作用,从而减少复发,加速愈合。影响病灶清除的主要因素是手术切口及入路的选择,脊柱结核主要破坏椎体的前、中柱,经胸膜外前入路术野宽阔,较易显露和清除病灶,完成植骨及内固定操作,已成为治疗胸椎结核的标准入路[19]。在植骨材料上,临床较为常用的有自体肋骨、髂骨、股骨、腓骨和异体骨移植等[20]

本研究中采用一期前路病灶清除,自体肋骨植骨融合前路内固定术治疗胸椎结核的适应证为:病灶局限于前、中柱受累;局部干酪样坏死、脓肿及死骨形成;影像学显示后凸畸形存在失稳;跨度≤2个椎间隙;腰背部痛经非手术治疗不能缓解;脊髓和神经受压出现相应症状等[2, 18]。术中应用经皮质骨螺钉固定塑形的自体肋骨骨板植骨,具有以下优点:

①固定塑形后的肋骨骨板,可增加植骨与上下椎体的接触面及提高融合率,且肋骨弧度与胸椎生理后凸接近;②可防止植骨块滑落或突入椎管,减少并发症;③无需取自体大块髂骨,避免供区出现并发症;④相对钛网,更为经济,如患者因某些原因(窦道形成、内置物反应等)需要手术取出内固定时,手术难度相对较低。早期达到骨性愈合是脊柱结核治疗的最终目的,而脊柱稳定性的重建与维持是植骨早期骨性融合的前提。脊柱稳定性的重建与维持可采取前路或后路内固定。一期前路固定与后路固定比较,有创伤相对较小、不需另行切口、手术时间短、出血少等特点。目前,大多数医师认为前路内固定对后凸畸形的矫正及稳定较后路内固定更为有效,在维持椎体前柱高度上,前路内固定也更为可靠[18, 19]。本组病例中,胸椎后凸Cobb角由术前平均19.8°矫正至术后平均3.7°,末次随访时平均4.6 °,无明显角度丢失。随着内固定材料的改进,钛合金材料具有良好的组织相容性和耐腐蚀性,不易发生异物反应。Yilmaz等[19]研究表明, 结核菌素在金属表面形成的多糖膜相对薄弱,抗结核药物和身体免疫机制仍能够发挥作用。一期前路内固定能重建与维持脊柱的稳定性,为植骨融合和结核病灶的静止提供一个良好的力学环境;在矫正后凸畸形的同时,提高植骨融合率和预防结核复发;此外,能够减少术后因长期卧床引起的相关并发症。

在结核发病初期,患者出现不同程度的午后低热或高热、乏力、盗汗等症状,因患者未接受系统的抗结核治疗,病情发展快速,此时手术出血多且易造成结核播散,引起结核性脑膜炎或肺结核等;在接受抗结核治疗4周后,多数患者脓肿得到控制,疼痛减轻并出现好转趋势,此时手术效果较好。术前规律抗结核治疗>3周,ESR值<40 mm/h、体温<37.5℃时,临床中才考虑手术治疗。需要指出的是,患者术前ESR值>40 mm/h时,并不是手术的绝对禁忌。本组病例中,由于对化疗药物的耐药性反应,其中4例患者术前ESR值均>80 mm/h,但术后3周复查时,ESR值与CRP值均明显下降,术后1年复查时,已降至正常。

综上所述,一期前路病灶清除、自体肋骨植骨融合前路内固定术是治疗胸椎结核的有效方法,同时结合术后规律的抗结核治疗、良好的护理以及安全有效的康复训练,以获得较好的临床效果。

参考文献
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