脊柱外科杂志  2018, Vol.16 Issue(2): 103-108   PDF    
下颌角不能准确定位颈椎节段:影像学研究
侯黎升1, 白雪东1, 李欢迎2, 葛丰1, 何勍1, 阮狄克1, 程实1, 庄严3, 魏冰3, 刘娅4     
1. 海军总医院骨科, 北京 100048;
2. 海军总医院放射科, 北京 100048;
3. 海军总医院计算机管理中心, 北京 100048;
4. 海军总医院耳鼻喉科, 北京 100048
摘要: 目的 依据颈椎侧位数字摄影(DR)资料,探讨下颌角(MDA)是否可作为颈椎节段体表定位的恒定参考。方法 选取57例男性和66例女性的颈椎闭口标准侧位(中立位)及过伸过屈位的DR资料(照射野含下颌骨全部),半定量测量不同体位下MDA与颈椎节段的对应关系。设定C2/C3水平为0,每上升半个椎体或一个椎间隙,数字减1,反之加1。定量测量不同体位下上颈椎角(AUCS)与全颈椎角(ACS)及其变化,并进行统计学分析。结果 同性别比较,各体位下MDA对应的颈椎节段差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);不同性别间比较,过屈位及中立位MDA对应的颈椎节段差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);过伸位时女性MDA对应的颈椎节段高于男性,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。不同性别间比较,各体位下AUCS及ACS差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。同性别比较,各体位下AUCS及ACS差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。过屈位向中立位及过伸位变换过程中,AUCS和ACS逐渐增大,过屈位到中立位的角度变化均小于中立位到过伸位的角度变化。结论 中立位时MDA并非恒定对应于C2/C3水平,颈椎屈伸时MDA与颈椎节段的对应关系发生变化,且不局限于1个椎体高度,MDA不能作为颈椎体表定位的恒定参考。
关键词: 颈椎     下颌骨     放射摄影影像解释, 计算机辅助    
Mandibular angle could not be regarded as a constant surgical landmark in identifcation of cervical spinal level:image evidence
HOU Li-sheng1, BAI Xue-dong1, LI Huan-ying2, GE Feng1, HE Qing1, RUAN Di-ke1, CHENG Shi1, ZHUANG Yan3, WEI Bing3, LIU Ya4     
1. Department of Orthopaedics, Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100048;
2. Department of Radiology, Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100048;
3. Department of Computer Management Center, Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100048;
4. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100048
Abstract: Objective To explore the reliability of the mandibular angle(MDA) as a constant landmark for the location of cervical segment based on lateral digital radiography(DR) data of the cervical spine. Methods DR image data of the cervical spine at standard lateral(neutral), hyperflexion and hyperextension postures with closed mouth from 57 males and 66 females were introduced while whole mandible was covered in the radiation field for observation and measurement. Semiquantitative measurement of the relationship between MDA and cervical segments was done at different postures. C2/C3 level was assigned as 0, and minus 1 if the spinal level increased 1/2 vertebral body height or 1 disc height, while plus 1 if the spinal level decreased 1/2 vertebral body height or 1 disc height. Quantitative measurement was done to record the angle of upper cervical spine(AUCS) and angle of whole cervical spine(ACS) at different postures. Statistical analyses were done then. Results Compared with the same gender, there were significant differences in the relationship between MDA and cervical segments at different postures(P < 0.05). There was no statistical significance in the relationship between MDA and cervical segments in hyperflexion and neutral postures in different gender(P > 0.05). At hyperextension posture, the relationship between MDA and cervical segments of female was higher than that of the male, and the difference was statistically significant(P < 0.05). Comparison between different genders, there was no significant difference in AUCS and ACS at different postures(P > 0.05). Compared with the same gender, the differences of AUCS and ACS at different postures were statistically significant(P < 0.05). In the process of the hyperflexion posture to the neutral and hyperextension postures, AUCS and ACS increased gradually, and the angle change of the hyperflexion to the neutral posture was less than that of the neutral posture to the hyperextension posture. Conclusion MDA position is not parallel to C2/C3 level constantly when the neck is at neutral posture. The relationship between MDA position and cervical segments would change but not be limited to 1 vertebral body height when the neck's posture is changed. MDA should not be taken as the constant landmark to determine the cervical segments.
Key words: Cervical vertebrae     Mandible     Radiographic image interpretation, computer-assisted    

颈椎前路手术时,如有颈椎节段的准确体表标志帮助确定切口部位,可避免不必要的延长切口,有助于手术野理想显露和操作,切口美观[1]。颈椎节段的体表标志有多种,如舌骨、环状软骨、甲状软骨、颈动脉结节等[2],但都只是大致定位,并不精准。近年有报道下颌角(MDA)恒定指向C2/C3椎间隙,且不因性别、颈部屈伸而变化,提出MDA可作为颈椎节段的准确体表标志[3]。也有报道指出颈部屈伸变化时83.3%的病例MDA相对C2上下移动≤ 1个椎体[4]。本研究对57例男性及66例女性颈椎的影像学资料进行测量,以核实上述观点的可信性。

1 材料和方法 1.1 一般资料

2014年2月—2017年1月,选取在本院行颈椎正侧、双斜、过伸过屈位数字摄影(DR)检查且排除骨性畸形的123例患者的影像学资料。其中,男57例,年龄12~84(45.9±15.0)岁;女66例,年龄21~81(49.0±15.4)岁。男女间年龄差异无统计学意义,具有可比性。选取站立标准侧位(中立位)、过伸及过屈位DR图像进行测量。

1.2 摄片要求

中立位:站立右侧位,上下齿咬合,右肩紧靠影像接收器,颈椎正中矢状面平行于接收器,瞳间线垂直于接收器,双眼平视正前方,头、颈和躯干正中矢状面重合。源像距100~120 cm,照射野含全部颈椎及下颌骨。曝光条件65~75 kV,自动曝光控制。摄片时患者呼气后摒气,肩部向下放松,以助显露C7。过伸、过屈位侧立同前,自然用力头颈屈、伸至极限位摄片。

1.3 图像处理

原始图像在工作屏幕上观察,照射野含全部颈椎及下颌骨者以dicom格式存盘。测量前在Image Viewer软件中打开,选择目标区域,另存为jpg格式(图 1) [5]。将jpg图像以光栅图像在AutoCAD 2007中打开。标记MDA,经MDA下缘画MDA的水平线,上颈椎角(AUCS),全颈椎角(ACS),C2椎体后缘线,C6椎体后缘线,颏隆突底,连接MDA下缘与颏隆突下界的下颌底线[6](图 2)。

1,缩略图;2,选中图片 1, sketch images; 2, selected image 图 1 在ImageViewer中打开源图像 Figure 1 Raw images opened at ImageViewer interface

a:过屈   b:中立   c:过伸  1,MDA水平线;2,AUCS;3,ACS;4,MDA;5,颏隆突底;6,下颌底线;7,C2椎体后缘线;8,C6椎体后缘线;9,AUCS即时旋转中心 a: Hyperflexion   b: Neutral   c: Hyperextension  1, horizontal line passing through MDA; 2, AUCS; 3, ACS; 4, MDA; 5, base of mental protuberance; 6, inferior edge of mandible; 7, posterior edge of C2 vertebral body; 8, posterior edge of C6 vertebral body; 9, instantaneous rotation center of AUCS 图 2 在AutoCAD中打开颈椎侧位DR图像 Figure 2 Lateral DR images of cervical spine opened at AutoCAD interface
1.4 指标测量

半定量测量过屈位、中立位、过伸位下MDA与颈椎节段的对应关系。以MDA水平线与椎体前缘的交叉点为依据,将颈椎节段数字化,0代表C2/C3椎间隙,每往上1/2个椎体或1个椎间隙则减1,反之则加1(图 3)。

图 3 颈椎节段及其对应值 Figure 3 Cervical spinal level and its assigned number

测量不同体位下AUCS及ACS角度。AUCS即下颌底线与C2椎体后缘的夹角;ACS即下颌底线与C6椎体后缘的夹角(因为部分C7椎体显示不清,难以测得下颌底线与C7椎体后缘夹角)。利用AutoCAD 2007标注菜单中的“角度测量”功能,精度为0.1°(图 4)。

a:过屈  b:中立  c:过伸  α,MDA水平线;β,AUCS;γ,ACS a: Hyperflexion  b: Neutral  c: Hyperextension  α, horizontal line passing through MDA; β, AUCS; γ, ACS 图 4 利用AutoCAD 2007完成数据测量 Figure 4 Data measurement based on AutoCAD 2007 interface
1.5 统计学处理

采用SPSS 21.0软件对数据进行统计学分析。不同性别间MDA对应的颈椎节段比较采用2个独立样本t检验,不同体位下MDA对应的颈椎节段比较采用多个相关样本t检验。AUCS及ACS在性别间比较采用独立样本t检验;不同体位下AUCS及ACS比较采用随机单位组设计资料的方差分析,AUCS与ACS的比较采用配对t检验。数据采用x±s表示,以P<0.05为差异有统计意义。

2 结果 2.1 MDA对应的颈椎节段

不同体位下MDA对应的颈椎节段见表 1。中立位时,女性MDA可对应范围为C2椎体上部至C3/C4椎间隙,男性为C2椎体下部至C3/C4椎间隙,中位数波动于C2/C3椎间隙及C3椎体上部(表 1)。从过屈位到中立位(男98.2%,女95.5%)、中立位到过伸位(男93.0%,女92.4%)及过屈位到过伸位(男45.6%,女50.0%)大部分MDA上下移动≤ 1个椎体。1例男性和7例女性过屈位时MDA平行C2椎体下部(图 5);4例男性和5例女性过伸位时MDA低于C2/C3椎间隙(图 6);统计结果见表 2。不同性别间比较,过屈位及中立位MDA对应的颈椎节段差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);过伸位时女性MDA对应的颈椎节段高于男性,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。MDA对应的颈椎节段在过屈位最低,随着向中立位及过伸位变化,MDA对应的颈椎节段逐渐升高。

表 1 不同体位下MDA对应的颈椎节段例数 Table 1 Samples of corresponding cervical spine level parallel to MDA at different postures

a:过屈  b:中立  c:过伸  1,MDA;2,MDA水平线 a: Hyperflexion  b: Neutral  c: Hyperextension  1, MDA; 2, horizontal line passing through MDA 图 5 过屈位时MDA平行于C2椎体上部 Figure 5 MDA is parallel to inferior portion of C2 at hyperflexion posture

a:过屈  b:中立  c:过伸  1,MDA;2,MDA水平线 a: Hyperflexion  b: Neutral  c: Hyperextension  1, MDA; 2, horizontal line passing through MDA 图 6 过伸位时MDA仍低于C2/C3水平 Figure 6 MDA is lower than C2/C3 level at hyperextension posture

表 2 不同体位下MDA对应的颈椎水平 Table 2 MDA and corresponding cervical spinal level at different postures
2.2 角度测量

同体位下,AUCS及ACS各自在不同性别间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);同性别同体位下,AUCS与ACS间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);同性别下,AUCS及ACS各自在不同体位下比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),结果见表 3。过屈位向中立位及过伸位变换过程中,AUCS及ACS的角度变化见表 4。AUCS总的变化趋势和ACS一样,逐渐增大,但个别病例减小(图 7)。过屈位到中立位时AUCS及ACS的平均角度变化均小于中立位到过伸位的角度变化。颈椎体位变化时,AUCS的角度变化不及ACS角度变化的一半,且不同体位间变换时占比不一(表 5)。

表 3 不同体位下角度测量 Table 3 Angle measurement at different postures

表 4 不同体位下角度变化 Table 4 Angle change range when posture changed

a:过屈  b:中立  c:过伸  α,MDA水平线;β,AUCS;γ,ACS a: Hyperflexion  b: Neutral  c: Hyperextension  α, horizontal line passing through MDA; β, AUCS; γ, ACS 图 7 中立位时AUCS角度较过屈位时减小 Figure 7 AUCS decreased when posture of neck changed to neutralization from hyperflexion posture

表 5 不同体位变化中AUCS变化占ACS变化的比率 Table 5 Ratio of AUCS to ACS when posture changed
3 讨论 3.1 颈椎前路手术的体表解剖标志

普遍认为,颈椎前方的体表解剖标志多属大致判定[1-2]。环状软骨、甲状软骨及下颌骨下界等在颈部屈伸时位置会变化[1]。C6横突为颈动脉结节,位置恒定但深在,依靠术前透视及触摸颈动脉结节定位亦可能出现偏差[1]。根据颈动脉结节定位C6椎体及其紧邻的上下椎间隙准确性尚可,但如手术节段距C6较远,仍可能出现偏差;这是颈椎曲度多样性及解剖变异等的缘故,与术者经验亦有关。术前透视定位,受透视角度与切口方向的影响,到达椎体前缘时亦可能出现偏差。Liu等[3]解剖6例男性和4例女性尸体,报道MDA恒定对应C2/C3椎间隙,且不受颈部屈伸变化的干扰。亦有报道称MDA随颈椎屈伸可有上下≤ 1个椎体的变化[4]。本研究结果显示上述结论可信性欠佳,MDA不能作为准确判定颈椎节段的恒定体表标志。

3.2 MDA不能作为准确定位颈椎节段的恒定体表标志

本研究结果显示,中立位时,女性MDA可对应范围为C2椎体上部至C3/C4椎间隙,男性为C2椎体下部至C3/C4椎间隙,中位数波动于C2/C3椎间隙及C3椎体上部。中立位向过屈位变换时,男性MDA对应的颈椎节段会下降1.0~1.5个椎体高度,女性下降0~2.0个椎体高度;中立位向过伸位变换时,男性及女性均上升0~1.5个椎体高度。分析其机制如下。

中立位时MDA对应的颈椎节段波动来自个体差异,由于大多MDA对应C2/C3椎间隙或C3椎体上部,观察例数少时,MDA偏上或下的情形不易被捕捉到,可能造成MDA恒定对应C2/C3椎间隙的错觉。Liu等[3]仅观察了10例尸体标本,可能出现偏倚。

ACS由AUCS与C2~6成角共同形成。C2~6成角是4个椎间隙夹角的叠加[7]。颈椎屈伸时决定MDA位置的是MDA围绕AUCS旋转中心发生的角度变化。如MDA紧邻C2/C3椎间隙前缘,AUCS与MDA旋转中心重合,二者旋转半径相等,MDA与颈椎节段的对应关系则较为恒定。但实际上MDA与AUCS的旋转中心不重合,旋转半径亦不等,过屈位时MDA靠近颈椎前缘,过伸位时远离,旋转中心在变动(图 2),且屈伸伴位移变化[8],MDA很难维持与C2/C3椎间隙的对应位置(图 2)。屈伸活动后颈椎中立位置也可能变化[9],有颈部疾病的患者经过治疗后颈椎屈伸范围也可能变化[10],因此MDA对应的颈椎节段还可能变化。

Auerbach等[2]报道,用MDA判定颈椎节段比触摸颈动脉结节准确,且术前标准侧位与术中仰卧侧位时MDA对应的颈椎节段吻合。本研究未行该方面对比研究,在理论上分析,MDA与颈椎节段的对应关系随颈椎屈伸而变化,只有当站立标准侧位时与仰卧侧位时的头颈位置完全一致,MDA对应的颈椎节段才会吻合。为求术前定位尽量准确,本研究组建议在麻醉完毕、体位不再变动时先行透视定位(铺单完毕透视最佳),确定切口部位;手术暴露到椎体前缘插入定位针后再次透视核实,方可确保定位无误。

张口时旋转中心与AUCS旋转中心又不一致,MDA位置变动又趋复杂,颏隆突下降亦影响术野(图 8),因此本研究组建议术中经鼻插管麻醉,否则需将头部向一侧旋转,会影响侧方减压范围的判定[11]

a:过屈闭口  b:中立张口  c:过伸闭口  α,MDA水平线;β,AUCS;γ,ACS;δ,张口角度 a: Hyperflexion with mouth closed  b: Neutral with mouth opened  c: Hyperextension with mouth closed  α, horizontal line passing through MDA; β, AUCS; γ, ACS; δ, angle formed by opened mouth 图 8 张口导致MDA位置下降 Figure 8 Opened mouth led to MDA location descended
3.3 颈椎屈伸是否主要发生在AUCS

专业书籍指出颈椎屈伸主要发生在寰枕关节,旋转主要发生于寰枢关节。后者为临床所证实[11],前者说法受到质疑。Park等[12]报道,颈椎屈伸时AUCS与C2~7节段的活动范围并无区别。Wang等[13]报道,颈椎屈伸时上下颈椎各自角度变化并不同步,ACS增加时,部分病例AUCS反减小。本研究发现颈椎体位变换时,AUCS角度变化只占ACS变化的23.5%~41.7%,不同体位间变换占比不一,提示颈椎屈伸并不主要发生在寰枕关节;从中立位到过伸位时AUCS角度变化占比加大,也提示AUCS与ACS角度变化不同步。同样,部分病例在ACS由屈向伸转变时,AUCS角反而减小,需C2~6成角加大补偿,显示出颈椎运动的复杂性(图 7)。

4 结论

颈椎中立时,MDA并非恒定对应于C2/C3椎间隙,而是在C2椎体上部与C3/C4椎间隙间波动。颈椎屈伸时,MDA与颈椎节段的对应关系会发生波动,且不一定局限于1个椎体高度。颈椎屈伸运动并非主要发生在上颈椎。颈椎中立位并非颈椎屈伸运动的中点。综上所述,MDA不能作为颈椎体表定位的恒定参考。

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