脊柱外科杂志  2020, Vol.18 Issue(4): 253-257   PDF    
老年多节段脊髓型颈椎病矢状面平衡特点及手术入路比较
顾一飞, 曹鹏, 陈华江, 王新伟, 胡津铨, 杨晨, 袁文     
海军军医大学附属长征医院骨科, 上海 200003
摘要: 目的 分析老年多节段脊髓型颈椎病(MCMS)患者颈椎矢状面平衡特点,并比较不同手术入路对其预后的影响。方法 回顾性分析2015年1月—2017年12月收治的102例MCMS患者临床资料,其中年龄> 60岁患者(老年组)62例,年龄≤60岁且> 40岁患者(中年组)40例。比较2组患者术前及末次随访时日本骨科学会(JOA)评分、JOA评分改善率、术前及末次随访时颈椎矢状面垂直轴(cSVA)、cSVA差值(ΔcSVA)、T1倾斜角(T1-slope),分析老年患者矢状面平衡变化的特点。将2组患者按术前T1-slope角度分为T1-slope < 25°和T1-slope≥25°亚组。每个亚组内比较前路手术和后路手术ΔcSVA及JOA评分改善率差异。结果 所有患者术前症状均得以改善。中年组术前T1-slope、末次随访cSVA、ΔcSVA及JOA评分改善率均优于老年组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。中年组T1-slope < 25°亚组和T1-slope≥25°亚组,前后路手术ΔcSVA及JOA评分改善率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。老年组T1-slope < 25°亚组,前后路手术ΔcSVA及JOA评分改善率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);老年组T1-slope≥25°亚组,前路手术ΔcSVA及JOA评分改善率优于后路手术,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。结论 老年MCMS患者cSVA更易出现改变,术后cSVA也更易失代偿。T1-slope作为矢状面平衡变化的预测因素,对于老年患者手术入路选择具有一定的参考意义。当老年患者术前T1-slope较大(≥25°)时,后路手术可能增加颈椎矢状面失衡的风险,前路手术有利于颈椎矢状面平衡的维持与重建。
关键词: 颈椎    颈椎病    减压术,外科    肌肉骨骼平衡    
Characteristics of sagittal balance and comparison of surgical approaches in elderly patients with multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy
GU Yi-fei, CAO Peng, CHEN Hua-jiang, WANG Xin-wei, HU jin-quan, YANG Chen, YUAN Wen     
Department of Orthopaedics, Changzheng Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
Abstract: Objective To analyze the characteristics of cervical sagittal balance parameters in elderly patients with multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy(MCSM), and compare the impacts of various surgical approaches on surgical outcome. Methods The clinical data of 102 patients with MCMS from January 2015 to December 2017 were retrospectively analyzed, including 62 with age > 60 years(elderly group) and 40 aged ≤ 60 years and > 40 years(middle-aged group). The Japanese Orthopaedic Association(JOA) score before operation and at the final follow-up, JOA score improvement rate, cervical sagittal vertical axis(cSVA) before operation and at the final follow-up, cSVA difference(ΔcSVA), T1-slope were compared between the 2 groups, and the characteristics of sagittal balance in elderly patients were analyzed. According to the preoperative T1-slope angle, the 2 groups were divided into T1-slope < 25° and T1-slope ≥ 25° subgroups. The difference of ΔcSVA and JOA score improvement rate between anterior and posterior surgery was compared in each subgroup. Results The symptoms were relieved in all the patients. The T1-slope, cSVA, ΔcSVA and JOA score improvement rate in middle-aged group were better than those in elderly group, all with a significant difference(P < 0.05). In the T1-slope < 25° subgroup and T1-slope ≥ 25° subgroup of middle-aged group, there was no significant difference in the ΔcSVA and JOA score improvement rate between anterior and posterior surgery(P>0.05). In the T1-slope < 25° subgroup of elderly group, there was no significant difference in the ΔcSVA and JOA score improvement rate between anterior and posterior surgery(P>0.05). In the T1-slope ≥ 25° subgroup of elderly group, ΔcSVA and JOA score improvement rate of anterior surgery were better than those of posterior surgery, all with a significant difference(P < 0.05). Conclusion Elderly patients with MCMS are more likely to have changes in cSVA and more likely to be decompensated after operation. T1-slope, as a predictor of sagittal balance changes, has certain reference significance for the selection of surgical approaches in elderly patients. When the preoperative T1-slope of elderly patients is high(≥ 25°), posterior surgery may increase the risk of sagittal balance decompensation, whereas anterior surgery can maintain and restore the sagittal balance.
Key words: Cervical vertebrae    Cervical spondylosis    Decompression, surgical    Musculoskeletal equilibrium    

多节段脊髓型颈椎病(MCSM)是一类中老年人常见疾病,严重者可出现进行性神经功能损伤,常需接受手术治疗。随着我国人均预期寿命的明显提升及老年人口比例的明显增加,临床上需接受手术治疗的老年MCSM患者日趋增多。颈椎退行性变是衰老的自然进程之一,其严重程度常与年龄呈正相关,加之老年患者预后常不甚理想,因此,对于老年MCSM患者的手术方式选择一直是临床争论的热点[1]

近年来,颈椎矢状面平衡作为衡量患者颈椎生理功能和健康状态的重要评价指标引起了国内外学者的广泛关注。颈椎矢状面影像学参数与患者颈部症状、神经功能、生活质量及手术预后都密切相关[2-3]。同时,亦有学者认为颈椎矢状面影像学参数可作为选择手术方式的参考指标[3-6]

本研究对不同年龄MCSM患者术前和术后资料进行回顾性研究,以期明确老年患者矢状面影像学参数的特点,并基于此探讨合适的手术入路。

1 资料与方法 1.1 一般资料

将2015年1月—2017年12月间因MCSM(MRI证实脊髓压迫节段≥3个)于本院接受手术治疗的老年患者(≥60岁,老年组)纳入研究,并随机纳入同期收治的中年(< 60岁且≥40岁)MCSM患者(中年组)作对照。病例排除指标:①有颈椎外伤史或手术史;②合并颈椎畸形;③合并强直性脊柱炎或类风湿关节炎;④合并神经肌肉疾病;⑤合并颈椎感染和/或肿瘤;⑥有其他严重合并症影响神经功能评分可靠性;⑦术前或术后随访资料缺失。老年组患者62例,男37例、女25例,年龄(68.81±5.32)岁,其中40例接受前路减压内固定术(前路手术),22例接受后路单开门椎管扩大椎板成形术(后路手术);中年组患者40例,男23例、女17例,年龄(51.53±6.03)岁,其中27例接受前路手术,13例接受后路手术。所有患者均获得18个月以上随访,随访时间为(25.8±4.2)个月。

1.2 评价指标

在术前及末次随访X线片上测量颈椎矢状位参数。T1倾斜角(T1-slope)为颈椎侧位X线片上T1椎体上缘连线与水平线间的夹角。颈椎矢状位垂直轴(cSVA)为颈椎侧位X线片上经C2椎体中心的矢状位铅垂线与经C7后上角矢状位铅垂线间的距离,末次随访与术前的差值,以ΔcSVA表示。术前及末次随访使用日本骨科学会(JOA)评分[7]评估患者神经功能,并计算JOA评分改善率。JOA评分改善率(%)=(末次随访JOA评分-术前JOA评分)/(17-术前JOA评分)×100%。记录并比较2组患者术前T1-slope、术前cSVA、末次随访cSVA、ΔcSVA、术前JOA评分、末次随访JOA评分及JOA评分改善率。

参考Knott等[5]的研究,将2组患者按术前T1-slope角度分为T1-slope < 25°和T1-slope≥25°亚组。每个亚组内比较前路手术和后路手术ΔcSVA及JOA评分改善率差异。

1.3 统计学处理

采用SPSS 17.0软件对数据进行统计学分析,符合正态分布的计量资料以x±s表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验,组内手术前后比较采用配对样本t检验;以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

所有患者术前症状均得以改善,JOA评分较术前明显提高,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05,表 1)。中年组术前T1-slope、末次随访cSVA、ΔcSVA及JOA评分改善率均优于老年组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05,表 1)。中年组T1-slope < 25°亚组和T1-slope≥25°亚组,前后路手术ΔcSVA及JOA评分改善率差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05,表 2)。老年组T1-slope < 25°亚组,前后路手术ΔcSVA及JOA评分改善率差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05,表 2);老年组T1-slope≥25°亚组,前路手术ΔcSVA及JOA评分改善率均优于后路手术,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05,表 2)。

表 1 患者矢状位参数及JOA评分 Tab. 1 Sagittal parameters and JOA score of patients

表 2 不同T1-slope亚组前路与后路手术疗效比较 Tab. 2 Comparison of outcome between anterior and posterior approaches in different T1-slope subgroup
3 讨论

老年MCSM患者由于身体机能减退,合并症较多,如骨质疏松、高血压、冠心病、糖尿病及呼吸系统疾病等[8-9],术后亦可发生多种并发症,如瞻望、吞咽困难、肺部感染、消化道出血、心脑血管意外、泌尿系统感染及下肢深静脉血栓等[1, 10-11]。骨质疏松和整体脊柱退行性变引起的力学稳定性减退会导致植骨不愈合、假关节形成或/和内固定相关并发症发生[12-13]。以上因素常导致老年患者术后疗效不甚理想。Isogai等[8]的多中心回顾性研究提示,高龄颈椎病患者术后JOA评分及JOA评分改善率均略低于中龄患者。Maeno等[14]在采用颈椎后路椎管扩大椎板成形术治疗不同年龄段颈椎病患者的研究中发现,术后JOA评分与年龄呈负相关趋势。但老年MCSM患者病程长、反复发作,临床表现往往较重,且可出现神经功能快速进行性恶化,长时间病痛折磨甚至可导致精神心理问题[15]。因此,目前大多数研究均认为,即使手术存在诸多困难,老年患者依旧能从手术治疗中获益,年龄不应视为MCSM患者手术治疗的绝对禁忌[1, 8, 16]。对于老年患者,手术治疗的目的是改善临床症状、挽救神经功能、避免快速进行性恶化、提高生活质量、减轻家属陪护负担[17]。因此,克服手术治疗中存在的困难,选择合适的手术策略,以期实现良好的临床疗效,是目前国内外相关研究所讨论的重点。

3.1 老年MCSM患者矢状面平衡变化

近年来,颈椎矢状面平衡被作为颈椎生理功能及手术疗效的重要评估指标,引起了国内外学者的广泛重视。颈椎矢状面平衡参数与MCSM患者生活质量评分(HRQOL)密切相关[18-19]。颈椎矢状面平衡的失代偿可引起颈部稳定性丢失,造成颈项部疼痛,并通过改变颈椎曲度和椎管容积影响患者的神经功能[19-20]

cSVA近年来被较多学者作为直接参数用以衡量颈椎矢状面平衡情况[2-3, 20-22]。当cSVA≥40 mm时,一般即可认为患者颈椎矢状面失平衡[3]。老年患者由于脊柱整体的退行性变,加之颈后部肌肉薄弱,颈椎矢状面失平衡的风险较高。大样本流行病学研究表明,随着年龄的增长,颈椎矢状位序列和骨性结构均出现退行性变[23]。本研究中,老年患者术后cSVA及ΔcSVA均大于中年患者,提示高龄患者术后更易出现矢状面平衡的丢失。林圣荣等[24]的研究提示,cSVA与脊髓型颈椎病患者JOA评分呈正相关,表明颈椎矢状面平衡对患者神经功能存在影响。因此,制订老年MCSM患者手术方案,需考虑矢状面平衡的维持与纠正。

T1-slope是评估矢状面平衡的重要参数。T1可视作整个颈椎的基座,其上缘倾斜角与颈椎的前倾趋势直接相关,并影响颈椎整体的矢状面平衡[21]。Knott等[5]的研究表明,T1-slope与cSVA具有较高的相关性,是研究颈椎矢状面平衡的重要影像学参数。当T1过多倾斜时,T1-slope增大,颈椎前倾趋势增高,常须代偿性过伸以维持平视。老年患者由于脊柱整体发生退行性变、胸椎后凸增加、骨质疏松致椎体压缩等原因,更易出现T1-slope的增大。本研究结果亦显示,老年患者T1-slope显著高于中年患者。因此,重视可能由此引发的矢状位失衡甚至神经功能预后不佳的风险,谨慎选择手术方式,值得深入探讨。

3.2 T1-slope对老年MCSM患者手术入路选择的参考意义

对于MCSM患者手术入路的讨论由来已久。颈椎前路减压植骨融合内固定术(包括经椎间隙减压、椎体次全切除及二者的混搭手术)及颈椎后路椎管扩大椎板成形术均在神经功能恢复等方面具有良好的疗效,是目前治疗MCSM的主要术式。前瞻性大样本多中心研究发现,颈椎前路与后路术式在术后JOA评分、颈椎功能障碍指数(NDI)、生活质量量表(SF-36)评分等指标上无明显差异,且二者术后并发症总体发生率接近[25]。但由于老年患者的特殊性,应在充分评估手术耐受性的前提下,遵循彻底减压和牢固稳定的手术原则,同时尽可能缩短手术时间[17]

老年MCSM患者,术前矢状面平衡状态常较年轻患者差,且术后更易发生矢状面平衡失代偿。颈椎后路手术常可因颈椎后方肌肉韧带复合体的破坏而造成矢状面平衡的进一步破坏。Sakai等[3, 18]的研究发现,前路融合手术对患者矢状位序列的维持效果较好,后路手术易造成患者矢状位序列的破坏;尤其当患者术前已存在颈椎矢状位失平衡(cSVA≥40 mm)时,后路手术可能造成颈椎曲度的大幅丢失和JOA评分改善率的显著降低。目前一些研究认为,T1-slope对于颈椎术后矢状面平衡的变化具有预测意义。术前T1-slope较大者,需要更大的颈椎前屈角和更多的颈后肌肉-韧带负荷以维持平视[4],当颈后肌肉-韧带复合体破坏时,难以承担头部重量,更易出现矢状面平衡失代偿。Kim等[4, 26]的研究发现,颈后路手术中高T1-slope患者术后JOA评分改善率显著低于低T1-slope患者,提示术前较大的T1-slope可影响后路手术后神经功能恢复。

本研究在以上结论的基础上进一步对患者进行了年龄分层,比较不同T1-slope患者前路和后路手术后矢状面平衡状态及神经功能恢复的变化,发现术前T1-slope较高的人群中,老年患者更易在颈椎后路手术后出现矢状面平衡的丢失,神经功能恢复率也相对较差;而前路手术在不同年龄、不同T1-slope患者中均能较好地维持矢状面平衡,获得良好的神经功能改善。

综上所述,相比于中年患者,老年MCSM患者脊柱整体退行性变较重,更易出现颈椎矢状面平衡的改变,术后也更易出现矢状面平衡失代偿。T1-slope作为矢状面平衡变化的预测因素,对老年患者手术入路选择具有一定的参考意义。术前存在高T1-slope状态的老年患者,须全面谨慎评估风险,酌情采用合适的颈椎前路减压融合内固定术,避免对颈椎后方结构的破坏,从而降低术后矢状面平衡失代偿的风险。

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