脊柱外科杂志  2021, Vol.19 Issue(3): 156-160   PDF    
后路间隔置钉治疗Lenke 5型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸
郑光彬, 王章富, 洪正华     
温州医科大学附属台州医院骨科, 临海 317000
摘要: 目的 探讨后路矫形侧间隔置钉、支撑侧每隔1或2个节段置钉治疗Lenke 5型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(AIS)的疗效。方法 回顾性分析2001年6月—2012年12月本院收治的20例Lenke 5型AIS患者的影像学资料。术前、术后1周及末次随访时测量胸椎及腰椎Cobb角、冠状面平衡、矢状面平衡、双肩高度差、顶椎偏移(AVT),近端固定椎(UIV)及远端固定椎(LIV)倾斜角、LIV下终板与其下位椎体上终板间的夹角(∠α)、颈椎前凸角、胸椎后凸角及腰椎前凸角。计算术前胸椎和腰椎侧凸的柔韧度、术后Cobb角的矫正率及双侧平均置钉密度。结果 所有手术顺利完成。所有患者随访3.6~12.6年,平均7.3年。术前胸椎及腰椎平均柔韧度分别为74%和67%。平均固定节段7.6个,平均置钉密度矫形侧为59%、支撑侧为43%。术后1周及末次随访时腰椎和胸椎Cobb角、UIV和LIV倾斜角及腰椎AVT较术前明显减小,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 后路矫形侧间隔置钉、支撑侧每隔1或2个节段置钉治疗柔韧度较高的Lenke 5型AIS可获得满意的矢状面及冠状面矫形效果,该方法明显减少了置钉数量、手术时间和术中创伤,同时减轻了患者的经济负担。
关键词: 青少年    胸椎    腰椎    脊柱侧凸    脊柱融合术    内固定器    
Posterior interval pedicle screw fixation for Lenke 5 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
Zheng Guangbin, Wang Zhangfu, Hong Zhenghua     
Department of Orthopaedics, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai 317000, Zhejiang, China
Abstract: Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of posterior interval pedicle screw fixation in correction side and 1 or 2 segments interval fixation in supporting side for treatment of Lenke 5 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis(AIS). Methods From June 2001 to December 2012, the imaging data of 20 Lenke 5 AIS patients who received posterior deformity correction surgeries were retrospectively analyzed. The thoracic and lumbar Cobb's angles, coronal transverse axis, sagittal vertical axis, height difference between shoulders, apical vertebral translation(AVT), upper and lower instrumented vertebral(UIV and LIV) tilt, the angle between the lower endplate of LIV and the upper endplate of the lower vertebral body(∠α), cervical lordosis, thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis were measured and compared at pre-operation, postoperative 1 week and the final follow-up. The flexibility of thoracic and lumbar scoliosis, the correction rate of thoracic and lumbar Cobb's angles and implant density were calculated. Results All the operations were successfully completed. All the patients were followed up for 3.6-12.6 years, with an average of 7.3 years. The preoperative thoracic and lumbar flexibility were 74% and 67% respectively. The mean fusion segments were 7.6, the mean screw density was 59% in correction side and 43% in supporting side. Thoracic and lumbar Cobb's angles, UIV and LIV tilt, lumbar AVT were decreased significantly at postoperative 1 week and the final follow-up, and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). Conclusions Posterior interval vertebral pedicle screw fixation in correction side and 1 or 2 segments interval fixation in supporting side can obtain satisfactory results in sagittal and coronal plane for Lenke 5 AIS patients with good flexibility. This method can significantly reduce the number of screws, operation time and intraoperative trauma, and decrease the economic burden of patients.
Key words: Adolescent    Thoracic vertebrae    Lumbar vertebrae    Scoliosis    Spinal fusion    Internal fixators    

椎弓根螺钉具有良好的三维矫形能力和生物力学性能,在治疗青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(AIS)方面疗效显著[1-4]。Lenke 5型AIS常采用选择性胸腰椎/ 腰椎融合术治疗[5-7],包括前路矫形融合术和后路矫正融合术[8]。与前路矫形融合术相比,应用椎弓根钉棒系统的后路矫正融合术可获得更佳的矢状面和冠状面矫形效果,矫形效果丢失率更低,瘢痕位于脊柱后正中,对外观影响相对较小,同时操作简单,三维矫形效果更佳,因此,更受脊柱外科医师的青睐。为了获得更好的矫形度和椎体的直接去旋转,后路矫形融合术中通常采用矫形侧连续置钉的方法。但随着置钉密度的增加,手术创伤及风险也随之增加。有研究[9-11]表明,治疗柔韧度高的Lenke 1型AIS,间隔置钉的影像学及临床疗效与连续置钉没有差异。2001年6月—2012年12月,本院采用后路矫形侧间隔置钉、支撑侧每隔1或2个节段置钉的方式治疗柔韧度较高的Lenke 5型AIS患者20例,疗效满意,现报告如下。

1 资料与方法 1.1 一般资料

纳入标准:①Lenke 5型AIS;②站立正位X线片示Cobb角为45° ~ 75°,术前侧曲位X线片测量矫正率 > 50%,侧凸柔韧度(%)=术前Cobb角-凸侧侧曲位Cobb角/术前Cobb角×100%。排除既往有其他先天性脊柱疾病或脊柱手术史者。根据上述标准,共20例Lenke 5型AIS患者接受后路矫形侧间隔置钉、支撑侧每隔1或2个节段置钉治疗,其中男2例,女18例;年龄为11.6 ~ 14.1岁,平均13.1岁;术前胸椎Cobb角为20.00° ~ 36.00°,平均26.38°;术前腰椎Cobb角为45.80° ~ 71.12°,平均52.96°;术前胸椎柔韧度为45% ~ 94%,平均74%;术前腰椎柔韧度为52% ~ 86%,平均67%。所有手术均由同一组医师完成。本研究获本院伦理委员会批准(K20200505)。

1.2 手术方法

患者全身麻醉后取俯卧位,采用后正中切口,骨膜下剥离两侧椎旁肌,显露棘突、椎板至小关节突外侧缘。凹侧在近端固定椎(UIV)、远端固定椎(LIV)及顶椎(顶椎位于椎间盘时,邻近2个椎体连续置钉)分别置钉,其他椎体间隔置钉,如UIV或LIV与顶椎之间椎体数为偶数,在顶椎邻近椎体置钉。凸侧在UIV及LIV置钉后,从UIV开始每隔1或2个节段置钉,下腰椎在UIV下方相邻椎体置入螺钉使凹侧及凸侧每个椎体均有螺钉支撑,以提高下腰椎稳定性。根据胸腰椎/腰椎生理曲度预弯矫形棒,通过矫形侧旋棒和椎体直接去旋转技术进行侧凸矫形,矫形侧适当行椎弓根螺钉间撑开。依次拧紧螺帽,安装横连杆。咬骨钳咬除融合范围内棘突,椎板去皮质,打磨小关节突后用自体骨及同种异体骨进行植骨融合。术后常规抗感染、止痛治疗,卧床3 d后佩戴支具下床活动,支具固定3 ~ 4个月。

1.3 评价指标

术前、术后1周和末次随访时拍摄全脊柱站立正侧位X线片。测量指标:①胸椎和腰椎Cobb角及Cobb角矫正率,Cobb角矫正率(%)=术前Cobb角-术后Cobb角/术前Cobb角×100%;②冠状面平衡,C7铅垂线与骶骨正中线的距离;③矢状面平衡,C7铅垂线与骶骨右上角的垂直距离,位于骶骨后上角前方为正值,后方为负值;④颈椎前凸角(C2~7)、胸椎后凸角(T5 ~ T12)与腰椎前凸角(L1 ~ S1),上端椎体上终板沿线与下端椎体下终板沿线间的夹角;⑤胸椎和腰椎顶椎偏移(AVT),即顶椎(椎体或椎间盘)中点与骶骨中垂线之间的距离;⑥UIV倾斜角为UIV上终板与水平线间的夹角,LIV倾斜角为LIV下终板与水平线间的夹角;⑦LIV下终板与其下位椎体上终板间的夹角(∠α);⑧双肩高度差,即两侧肩锁关节的高度差。

1.4 统计学处理

采用SPSS 22.0软件对数据进行统计分析。计量资料以x±s表示,术前、术后1周及末次随访时数据采用Mann-Whitney秩和检验进行比较;以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

所有手术顺利完成,手术时间为155 ~ 273 min,平均246 min;术中出血量为316 ~ 692 mL,平均566 mL。UIV为T9 6例,T10 10例,T11 4例;LIV为L3 4例,L4 13例,L5 3例。平均置钉密度矫形侧为59%,支撑侧为43%。随访时间为3.6 ~ 12.6年,平均7.3年。术后1周及末次随访时胸椎和腰椎Cobb角较术前明显减小,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05,表 1),术后1周胸椎及腰椎平均矫正率分别为48.3%和71.3%,末次随访时分别为34.4%和67.9%。术后1周及末次随访时胸椎AVT较术前无明显改变;术后1周及末次随访时腰椎AVT较术前明显减小,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05,表 1)。术后1周及末次随访时UIV及LIV倾斜角较术前明显减小,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05,表 1)。术后1周及末次随访时∠α较术前减小,但差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05,表 1)。术后1周及末次随访时矢状面平衡、冠状面平衡、颈椎前凸角、胸椎后凸角、腰椎前凸角及双肩高度差与术前比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05,表 1)。至末次随访时,无断钉、断棒或明显矫形丢失致翻修的情况发生。典型病例影像学资料见图 1

表 1 手术前后影像学指标 Tab. 1 Radiographic data at pre- and post- operation  

女,13岁,Lenke 5型AIS,矫形侧间隔置钉,顶椎上下椎体连续置钉2枚,支撑侧每隔1或2个节段置钉,融合范围为T9 ~ L4   a、b:术前站立位全长正侧位X线片示胸椎Cobb角为20.00°,腰椎Cobb角为48.00°,胸椎后凸角为20.10°,腰椎前凸角为40.80°,UIV和LIV倾斜角分别为15.90°和28.10°,胸椎AVT为3.72 mm,腰椎AVT为67.26 mm   c、d:术前侧曲正位X线片示胸椎后凸角恢复至11.00°,腰椎前凸角恢复至16.00°,柔韧度分别为45.0%及66.7%   e、f:术后1周站立位全长正侧位X线片示胸椎和腰椎Cobb角分别改善至10.00°和19.00°,UIV和LIV倾斜角分别减小至7.25°和5.36°,胸椎和腰椎AVT分别为5.67 mm和23.93 mm   g、h:术后53个月站立位全长X线片示胸椎和腰椎Cobb角分别为10.00°和18.00°,UIV和LIV倾斜角分别为6.68°和5.99°,胸椎和腰椎AVT分别为2.17 mm和22.39 mm Female, 13 years old, Lenke 5 AIS, treated with posterior skipped pedicle screw fixation, upper and lower vertebrae of apical vertebrae continuous pedicle screw fixation in correction side and 1-2 interval pedicle screw fixation in supporting side, fusion range is T9-L4   a, b: Preoperative standing full-length anteroposterior and lateral roentgenographs show Cobb's angles of thoracic and lumbar are 20.00° and 48.00° respectively, thoracic kyphosis is 20.10°, lumbar lordosis is 40.80°, UIV and LIV tilts are 15.90° and 28.10° respectively, thoracic and lumbar AVTs are 3.72 mm and 67.26 mm respectively   c, d: Preoperative bending anteroposterior roentgenographs show that thoracic kyphosis recovers to 11.00° and lumbar lordosis to 16.00°, and flexibilities are 45.0% and 66.7% respectively   e, f: Standing full-length anteroposterior and lateral roentgenographs at postoperative 1 week show thoracic and lumbar Cobb's angles improve to 10.00° and 19.00°, UIV and LIV tilts reduce to 7.25° and 5.36°, thoracic and lumbar AVTs are 5.67 mm and 23.93 mm, respectively   g, h: Standing full-length anteroposterior and lateral roentgenographs at postoperative 53 months show thoracic and lumbar Cobb's angles are 10.00° and 18.00°, UIV and LIV tilts are 6.68° and 5.99°, thoracic and lumbar AVTs are 2.17 mm and 22.39 mm, respectively 图 1 典型病例影像学资料 Fig. 1 Imaging data of a typical case
3 讨论

椎弓根螺钉系统通过旋棒及椎体直接去旋转技术,不仅可以矫正冠状面的侧凸畸形,同时可以恢复固定节段的正常生理曲度[12]。为了获得更加牢固的固定力及矫形效果,多数脊柱外科医师选择连续置钉治疗AIS,但过高的置钉密度不仅增加了手术时间和出血量,还减少了植骨床面积,也会增加患者经济负担。在不影响疗效的情况下,尽可能降低患者的经济负担也是临床治疗中需要考虑的问题之一。对Lenke 1型或Lenke 5型AIS进行选择性融合时,恢复胸腰椎生理曲度对促进未进行固定融合的非结构性侧凸的自行矫正及防止畸形进一步进展起着重要的作用[13-14]

对于柔韧度较好的AIS患者,很多学者尝试减少置钉数量。Hwang等[15]对57例Cobb角 < 90°,柔韧度 > 20°的AIS患者(Lenke 1 ~ 5型)行间隔置钉,其置钉数量较传统方法减少约48%,术后平均矫正率为69%,5年以上随访中矫正率平均丢失2%。Wei等[11]对柔韧度 > 50%的Lenke 1型AIS患者采用间隔置钉方法治疗,5年以上的随访显示,胸椎Cobb角矫正率均维持在60%以上。Luo等[9]比较了矫形侧连续置钉与间隔置钉对Lenke 1型AIS患者的疗效,发现2组间矫正率无明显差异,但间隔置钉组的出血量、手术时间和治疗费用较连续置钉组明显减少。张伟等[16]对Lenke 1型AIS患者进行双侧间隔置钉,平均随访2年,主胸椎Cobb角由术前56.7°±8.0°减少至术后14.6°±6.0°,末次随访时增加至17.2°±3.2°。以上研究均表明,对柔韧性好的Lenke 1型AIS患者采用间隔置钉治疗可获得与连续置钉同样满意的矫正率,同时减少了手术时间、出血量及手术费用,优势非常明显。

由于Lenke 5型AIS患者的主弯位于胸腰段/腰段,该处置入椎弓根螺钉所承受的应力比胸椎高,为了获得及维持更好的矫形效果,分散螺钉应力,多数医师会考虑选择连续置钉[17]。Chen等[18]采用一期后路椎弓根螺钉固定矫形术治疗39例Lenke 5型AIS患者,2年随访发现,侧凸矫正率与置钉密度间存在显著相关性,置钉密度越高,矫正率越高,但该研究未将患者术前主弯的柔韧性考虑在内。Sariyilmaz等[19]比较了低密度置钉(75.4%)与高密度置钉(96.6%)治疗Lenke 5型AIS的疗效,发现两者在矫正率上无明显差异。本研究对柔韧度 > 50%的Lenke 5型AIS患者进行矫形侧间隔置钉、支撑侧每隔1或2个节段置钉,矫形侧置钉密度为59%,支撑侧为43%,小于既往报道。术后主弯与副弯Cobb角的平均矫正率分别达71.3%和48.3%。平均随访7.3年,虽然末次随访时矫正率有轻度丢失,但与术后1周比较无显著差异。冠状面相关参数,如UIV和LIV倾斜角、腰椎AVT,在术后1周及末次随访时较术前明显减少;冠状面平衡及双肩高度差无显著改变。矢状面参数,如颈椎前凸角、胸椎后凸角、腰椎前凸角和矢状面平衡等,在术后1周及末次随访时均无显著改变。以上结果表明,对于柔韧性良好(> 50%)的Lenke 5型AIS患者,间隔置钉可获得满意的矫形效果,长期随访中矫正率无明显丢失,可很好地维持矢状面及冠状面平衡。本组患者腰椎前凸角术前与术后无明显差异,说明间隔置钉在改变腰椎前凸角方面可能存在局限性,因此,对于腰椎前凸角过小且主弯角度较大的Lenke 5型AIS患者,选择间隔置钉需慎重。本研究为回顾性研究,且病例数较少,尚需大样本、远期随访的随机对照等研究进一步明确间隔置钉治疗Lenke 5型AIS的具体适应证及远期疗效。且本研究未考虑患者的外观因素,存在一定的局限性。

综上所述,对于柔韧度好,矢状面、冠状面无明显失衡及腰椎生理曲度良好的Lenke 5型AIS患者,矫形侧间隔置钉、支撑侧每隔1或2个节段置钉的矫形效果良好,可显著减少手术时间和术中创伤,减轻患者经济负担。

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