脊柱外科杂志  2024, Vol.22 Issue(4): 217-221   PDF    
颈椎后路椎管扩大椎板成形术后手术与未手术交界区脊髓漂移角度的研究
沈晓龙, 魏磊鑫, 吴卉乔, 钟华建, 王睿哲, 王新伟, 刘洋, 陈华江, 徐辰, 袁文     
海军军医大学长征医院骨科, 上海 200003
摘要: 目的 探讨颈椎后路椎管扩大椎板成形术后手术与未手术交界区脊髓漂移角度的变化情况。方法 回顾性分析2020年12月—2022年12月采用单侧显露通道技术椎管扩大椎板成形术治疗的69例颈椎后纵韧带骨化症患者的临床资料,测量并比较头、尾端交界区脊髓漂移角在手术前后的变化。于术前、术后即刻、术后2个月、末次随访时采用疼痛视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分评估颈部疼痛程度,采用颈椎功能障碍指数(NDI)和日本骨科学会(JOA)评分评估神经功能状况。结果 所有手术顺利完成,患者随访12 ~ 36(18.7±5.8)个月。术后脊髓均向后漂移,术后各随访时间点头、尾端交界区脊髓漂移角较术前明显增大,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。术后2个月、末次随访时VAS评分较术前明显改善,术后各随访时间点NDI及JOA评分较术前明显改善,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。结论 颈椎后路椎管扩大椎板成形术后脊髓向后方漂移,交界区脊髓漂移角较术前进一步增大,如术前交界区脊髓漂移角已经较大,建议延长手术节段。
关键词: 颈椎    骨化,后纵韧带    椎板成形术    减压术,外科    
A study on spinal cord drift angle of surgical and non-surgical junction area after posterior cervical laminoplasty
Shen Xiaolong, Wei Leixin, Wu Huiqiao, Zhong Huajian, Wang Ruizhe, Wang Xinwei, Liu Yang, Chen Huajiang, Xu Chen, Yuan Wen     
Department of Orthopaedics, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
Abstract: Objective To explore the changes in spinal cord drift angle of the surgical and non- surgical junction area after posterior cervical laminoplasty. Methods The clinical data of 69 patients with cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament treated with laminoplasty by unilateral exposure channel technique from December 2020 to December 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. The changes of cephalic and caudal spinal cord drift angle at the junction area before and after surgery were measured and compared. At pre-operation, immediately after operation, postoperative 2 months and the final follow-up, the intensity of neck pain was assessed by visual analogue scale(VAS) score, and the neurological status was assessed by cervical spine neck disability index(NDI) and Japanese Orthopaedic Association(JOA) score. Results All the operations were successfully completed and the patients were followed up for 12 - 36(18.7±5.8) months. The spinal cord drifted backward after the operation, and the cephalic and caudal spinal cord drift angles at the junction area were significantly increased at each follow-up time point, all with a statistical significance(P < 0.05). The VAS score of neck pain was significantly improved at postoperative 2 months and the final follow-up, and the NDI and JOA score were significantly improved at each follow-up time point, all with a statistical significance(P < 0.05). Conclusions After laminoplasty, the spinal cord could drift backwards, and spinal cord drift angle at the junction area could further increase compared to before surgery. If the spinal cord drift angle at the junction area is already large before surgery, it is recommended to extend the surgical segment.
Key words: Cervical vertebrae    Ossification, posterior longitudinal ligament    Laminoplasty    Decompression, surgical    

颈椎后路椎管扩大椎板成形术具有直接减压和间接减压作用[1-2]。来源于脊髓前方的致压物(椎间盘、骨赘、后纵韧带等)将脊髓压迫并向后推移,脊髓在椎板、椎间黄韧带处受到阻挡,前方压迫越重,后方结构对脊髓的阻挡就越重,后路手术可以直接去除椎板、黄韧带对脊髓的阻挡作用;术后脊髓向后方漂移,从而缓解或解除了脊髓前方的压迫,从而获得间接减压效果。这种漂移的间接减压作用在后路椎管扩大椎板成形术中尤为重要,理论上椎管扩大越明显,脊髓向后方漂移的空间越充足[3-4]。颈椎后路椎管扩大椎板成形术后手术区域的脊髓会向后方漂移,未手术区域的脊髓不会有明显漂移,术后手术与未手术的交界区脊髓成角较术前增大,部分患者术后颈椎MRI会提示交界区存在椎板卡压脊髓的情况,这种情况可能会导致脊髓漂移不充分而影响患者神经功能的恢复。本研究组首次提出了交界区脊髓漂移角的概念,用以探讨术后手术与未手术交界区的脊髓成角情况,旨在避免术后出现脊髓成角过大、术后未手术节段椎板卡压脊髓的情况,现报告如下。

1 资料与方法 1.1 一般资料

纳入标准:①明确诊断为颈椎后纵韧带骨化症;②采用单侧显露通道技术颈椎后路椎管扩大椎板成形术治疗;③手术涉及椎板数≥4个;③年龄 > 30岁且 < 70岁。排除标准:①影像学资料不全或失随访;②术中需要辅助使用侧块螺钉;③最头端或最尾端钛板型号 < 10 mm;④既往有颈椎后路手术史。按照上述标准,纳入2020年12月—2022年12月采用颈椎后路椎管扩大椎板成形术治疗的69例患者临床资料,其中男38例、女31例,年龄为31 ~ 69(55.3±8.6)岁,体质量指数(BMI)为(25.3±3.7)kg/m2。本研究通过本院临床研究伦理委员会审核备案,所有患者均知情同意并签署知情同意书。所有手术由同一手术组完成。

1.2 手术方法及术后处理

患者全身麻醉后取俯卧位,做颈后正中切口,切开皮肤,显露皮下筋膜,经棘突两侧骨膜下电刀分离肌肉,仅显露椎板左侧及侧块内缘,制作开门侧骨槽,于棘突右侧旁1 cm处置入可扩张通道,采用3 mm的磨钻头制作铰链,相同步骤处理余下椎板铰链侧。用2 mm枪钳咬除开门侧骨槽的剩余骨质,用椎板夹持器夹持椎板并旋转,逐个开门,使用钛板螺钉固定于开门侧,余下同前,详细过程可参考本研究组前期报道[5]。术毕常规生理盐水冲洗术区,放置负压引流管后关闭切口,术后48 ~ 72 h拔除引流管,术后第2天患者可佩戴颈托下床活动。

1.3 交界区脊髓漂移角的测量

本研究组首次提出交界区脊髓漂移角的概念:在颈椎MRI T2加权像上取脊髓压迫最严重的层面,未手术节段椎板或棘突最尾端与椎体后下缘做一连线aa线与脊髓后方相交于A点,A点为脊髓后漂移的旋转中心;与a线平行且经过该节段椎板或棘突最头端的直线为b线,b线与脊髓后方相交于B点;与a线平行且经过下一节段椎体后下缘的直线为c线,c线与脊髓后方相交于C点;ABAC的夹角即为头端交界区脊髓漂移角(图 1ab)。类似的可测量出尾端交界区脊髓漂移角(图 1cd)。

图 1 交界区脊髓漂移角的测量 Fig. 1 Measurement of spinal cord drift angle at junction area a、b:术前、术后头端交界区脊髓漂移角的测量  c、d:术前、术后尾端交界区脊髓漂移角的测量 a, b: Measurement of preoperative and postoperative cephalic spinal cord drift angle at junction area  c, d: Measurement of preoperative and postoperative caudal spinal cord drift angle at junction area
1.4 观察指标

测量并比较手术前后头、尾端交界区脊髓漂移角。于术前、术后即刻、术后2个月、末次随访时采用疼痛视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分[6]评估颈部疼痛程度,采用颈椎功能障碍指数(NDI)[7]和日本骨科学会(JOA)评分[8]评估神经功能状况。

1.5 统计学处理

采用SPSS 18.0软件对数据进行统计分析,符合正态分布的计量资料以x±s表示,手术前后数据比较采用重复测量方差分析;以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

所有手术顺利完成,患者随访12 ~ 36(18.7±5.8)个月。手术时间为(92.4±8.7)min,住院时间为(5.8±1.4)d,术中出血量为(172.5±33.4)mL,术后引流量为(210.5±8.7)mL。术后脊髓均向后漂移,术后各随访时间点头、尾端交界区脊髓漂移角较术前明显增大,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05,表 1)。术后2个月、末次随访时VAS评分较术前明显改善,术后各随访时间点NDI及JOA评分较术前明显改善,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05,表 1)。并发症发生情况:2例患者术中发生脑脊液漏,经非手术治疗后好转;7例患者术后发生脂肪液化,切口延迟愈合,经1 ~ 2周清洁换药等处理后切口愈合,无深部感染发生;所有患者无神经损伤、钛板移位等并发症发生。典型病例影像学资料见图 23

表 1 疗效评估指标 Tab. 1 Evaluation index of therapeutic effect

图 2 典型病例影像学资料(C7/T1脊髓漂移角) Fig. 2 Imaging data of a typical case (C7/T1 spinal cord drift angle) a:术前颈椎矢状位MRI T2加权像示脊髓广泛受压、信号改变,T1椎板与脊髓有空隙,脑脊液通畅,术前C7/T1脊髓漂移角为18°  b:C3~7椎管扩大椎板成形术后MRI T2加权像示手术区域脊髓减压充分,T1椎板仍紧贴脊髓,有卡压脊髓趋势,C7及其头端脊髓后移,C7/T1脊髓漂移角增大至26° a: Preoperative sagittal MRI T2 weighted image of cervical spine shows extensive spinal cord compression and signal changes, with space between T1 laminae and spinal cord, and cerebrospinal fluid is unobstructed, C7/T1 spinal cord drift angle is 18°  b: After C3-7 laminoplasty, MRI T2 weighted image shows that spinal cord in operative area is decompression sufficient, T1 laminae is still close to spinal cord, and there is a tendency to compress spinal cord, C7 and its cephalic spinal cord moves backward, and C7/T1 spinal cord drift angle increases to 26°

图 3 典型病例影像学资料(C2/C3脊髓漂移角) Fig. 3 Imaging data of a typical case (C2/C3 spinal cord drift angle) a:术前颈椎矢状位MRI T2加权像示脊髓受压、信号改变,C2椎板对脊髓有轻度压迫,C2/C3脊髓漂移角为14°  b:C3~6椎管扩大椎板成形术后颈椎矢状位MRI T2加权像示手术区域脊髓减压充分,C2椎板压迫脊髓程度加重,C3及其尾端的脊髓后移,C2/C3脊髓漂移角增大至25° a: Preoperative sagittal MRI T2 weighted image of cervical spine shows spinal cord compression and signal changes, and C2 laminae has mild compression on spinal cord, C2/C3 spinal cord drift angle is 14°  b: After C3-6 laminoplasty, MRI T2 weighted image shows that sufficient decompression of spinal cord in surgical area, and severity of C2 laminae compression on spinal cord is aggravated, C3 and its caudal spinal cord moves backward, and C2/C3 spinal cord drift angle increases to 25°
3 讨论

后路减压技术(椎管扩大椎板成形术、椎板切除融合术)可获得环形减压效果,直接移除后部骨性结构、增生皱褶的黄韧带,解除脊髓后方压迫,起到直接减压效果;术后脊髓向背侧漂移,缓解或解除脊髓前方压迫,起到间接减压效果[9-10]。如果脊髓向背侧漂移不足,可能会导致脊髓于腹侧仍然受压迫,继而出现神经功能恢复不理想的情况[11-12]。因此,采用术前影像学特征以预测脊髓漂移的潜力引起广泛关注。有研究[13]报道,采用椎板切除术和单开门椎管扩大椎板成形术治疗脊髓型颈椎病,2组在脊髓后移程度、神经功能恢复率和颈椎曲度指数方面没有显著差异,术后椎体与脊髓的距离显著增加,其中C5水平脊髓后移幅度最大,C3和C7水平后移幅度最小;作者认为脊髓后移幅度与颈椎曲度指数没有相关性,椎板切除术和椎管扩大椎板成形术都可以产生相似程度的脊髓后移,颈椎前凸与脊髓的后移无关。还有研究[14]认为,在有压迫的区域延长椎管扩大椎板成形术的手术节段会获得更大的脊髓后移程度。

本研究组首次提出交界区脊髓漂移角的概念,可用于明确手术节段、确定手术范围。本研究在实际测量中先测量术后交界区脊髓漂移角、再测量术前交界区脊髓漂移角,这样做的优点是术后测量能确定手术与非手术交界区。本研究结果显示,术后头端交界区脊髓漂移角平均增加9°,尾端交界区脊髓漂移角平均增加6°,如果术前预手术与非手术交界区的脊髓漂移角过大,术后交界区将存在脊髓卡压的趋势与风险。尽管脊髓卡压不会引起神经症状,但是为了预防脊髓卡压产生神经症状的风险,本研究组建议在原手术计划的基础上延长手术节段。本研究组在前期研究[15]中提出脊髓后方压迫评分(PCS)的概念,以图 2典型病例为例,椎板对脊髓压迫得2分,黄韧带对脊髓压迫得1分,按PCS理论得分区域应包含在手术范围内,因此,建议行C3 ~ T1椎管扩大椎板成形术。然而,该病例的实际手术范围为C3~7,术后C7及其头端的脊髓向后漂移,C7/T1脊髓漂移角增大至26°,T1椎板紧贴脊髓,有卡压脊髓的趋势。对于该病例,如果将手术范围向尾端延长至T1,将会解除T1椎板紧贴脊髓、卡压脊髓的趋势。以图 3典型病例为例,术前C2/C3脊髓漂移角为14°,PCS得1分(C2/C3脊髓压迫),建议手术包含该节段,即C2需要做椎管扩大。然而,实际手术范围并未扩大至C2,致使术后C2/C3脊髓漂移角过大,增大至25°,C2椎板对脊髓的卡压趋势加重。术前应充分评估预手术交界区的脊髓漂移角与PCS,以明确手术节段。本研究组建议,在制订手术方案时,如果头端预手术与非手术交界区脊髓漂移角超过12°(术前平均6°),建议扩大手术节段,如果患者该处PCS有得分,建议将该节段纳入手术;如果尾端预手术与非手术交界区脊髓漂移角超过9°(术前平均3°),建议扩大手术节段,如果患者该处PCS有得分,建议将该节段纳入手术。

颈椎后路椎管扩大椎板成形术后脊髓会向后方漂移,手术与非手术交界区脊髓漂移角会较术前进一步增大,理论上脊髓漂移角增加越大,脊髓在非手术节段椎板卡压的可能性就越大。因此,当交界区脊髓漂移角过大时,建议延长手术节段,脊髓漂移角是术前制订手术方案时需要慎重考虑的重要指标。预手术交界区PCS有得分,提示该处黄韧带对脊髓存在压迫,非手术节段椎板对脊髓虽然没有压迫,但脊髓的缓冲空间已经不足,椎管扩大椎板成形术后脊髓向后漂移,该处卡压脊髓的可能性很大,因此,如预手术交界区PCS有得分,建议将该节段纳入手术。综上,预手术交界区的脊髓漂移角是颈椎后路椎管扩大椎板成形术重要的术前参考参数,配合PCS应用,指导确定手术节段、手术范围的作用更强。

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